Rock Cycle and Mineral Sources
Lecture 10
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
´ Geology ´ Research of dynamic processes happening on the earth’s floor
and in its inside
´ Three main concentric zones of the earth ´ Core (Inside and Outer)
´ Mantle, together with the asthenosphere
´ Crust ´ Continental crust
´ Oceanic crust: 71% of crust
What Are Rocks?
´ Mineral ´ Naturally occurring chemical aspect or compound that exists
as a crystalline stable
´ Mineral useful resource ´ Focus that we will extract and course of into uncooked
supplies
´ Nonrenewable
´ Rock ´ Stable mixture of a number of minerals
Igneous Rocks
´ Igneous rocks ´ Igneous—“fiery inception”
´ Magma—molten rock beneath Earth’s floor
´ Lava—molten rock when it flows onto Earth’s floor
Sluggish Cooling – greater minerals with distinct crystal construction
Quick cooling – very wonderful grained, not crystalline
Intrusive vs Extrusive Rocks
Examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocks
´ Diorite is a coarse-grained, intrusive igneous rock.
Granite is a coarse-grained, mild coloured, intrusive igneous rock.
Examples of Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Basalt is a fine-grained, dark-colored extrusive igneous rock.
Obsidian is a dark- coloured volcanic glass that kinds from the very speedy cooling of molten rock materials. It cools so quickly that crystals don’t type.
Pumice is a light-colored vesicular igneous rock. It kinds via very speedy solidification of a soften. The vesicular texture is a results of gasoline trapped within the soften on the time of solidification.
Oceanic and Continental Crust
´ Oceanic Crust made up of Basalt (extrusive igneous rock)
´ Continental Crust made up of Granite (intrusive igneous rock)
´ Basalt is denser than granite
Sedimentary Rocks Composed of cemented mineral
grains/rock fragments
´ Created by: ´ Weathering: breaking rocks into smaller
items
´ Erosion: eradicating grains from guardian rock
´ Transportation: dispersed by gravity, wind, water, and ice
´ Deposition: settling out of the transporting fluid
´ Lithification: remodeling into stable rock
Sedimentary Rocks
Geologists outline 4 lessons of sedimentary rock. ´ Clastic: rock fragments (clasts) cemented collectively
´ Biochemical: cemented shells of organisms
´ Natural: carbon-rich stays of crops or different organisms
´ Chemical: minerals that crystallize from water
ChemicalClastic OrganicBiochemical
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Clast dimension/grain dimension Diameter of
fragments/grains Vary from very coarse to
very wonderful Boulder, cobble, pebble,
sand, silt, and clay ´ Gravel: coarse-grained sediment
(cobble, pebble). ´ Mud: fine-grained (silt and clay) ´ As transport distance will increase,
grain dimension decreases.
Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Conglomerate – clasts are gravel sized or bigger.
Sandstone – clasts are sand grain sized.
Shale -clasts are the dimensions of clay grains.
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Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical limestone ´ Precept compound is CaCO3
´ Kinds in heat, tropical, shallow, clear, O2-rich, marine water
´ Composed of shell particles from various neighborhood (corals, clams, oysters, snails, brachiopods, plankton, forams, cocolithophores)
Natural Sedimentary Rocks
Manufactured from natural carbon— the mushy tissues of dwelling issues Coal—altered stays of
fossil vegetation ´ Accumulates in lush,
tropical wetland settings
´ Requires deposition within the absence of oxygen
Oil shale—shale with warmth altered natural matter (Kerogen)
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks Evaporites—from evaporated seawater
´ Evaporation causes minerals to precipitate. ´ Thick deposits are the results of massive volumes of water evaporating. ´ Minerals embody halite and gypsum.
Travertine—precipitated from groundwater ´ Happens when groundwater reaches the floor ´ CO2 expelled into the air; decreased potential to carry carbonate.
´ Evaporation can even trigger CaCO3 to precipitate. ´ Instance: thermal (sizzling) or chilly water springs and cave settings
´ In cave settings, Travertine builds up complicated progress kinds speleothems
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rock—solid-state alteration of a protolith ´ Meta = change
´ Morphe = type
Rocks which have been initially igneous or sedimentary and have been modified by warmth and stress
Rearrange the crystal construction of the unique rock
Limestone turns into marble; sandstone turns into quartzite, shale turns into slate
Metamorphic Rocks Protoliths bear gradual solid-state modifications in:
´ Mineralogy
´ Texture
Metamorphic modifications are because of variations in: ´ Temperature
´ Strain
´ Tectonic stresses (compression and shear)
´ Quantity of reactive water (hydrothermal fluid)
Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks
Two main subdivisions—foliated and nonfoliated
´ Foliated—have a throughgoing planar material ´ Subjected to differential stress ´ Have a major factor of platy minerals
´ Categorised by composition, grain dimension, and foliation sort
Foliation
Foliation—Latin folium, for leaf ´ Parallel planar surfaces or
layers in metamorphic rock
´ Offers the rock a streaked or striped look
´ Foliated rocks typically break alongside foliation planes
As a result of ´ Most well-liked inequant mineral
orientation, or
´ Compositional banding (darkish and lightweight layers)
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks
Nonfoliated—no planar material evident ´Minerals recrystallized with out
compression or shear.
´Comprised of equant minerals solely
´Categorised by mineral composition
NonFoliated Metamorphic Rock
The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Slowly
Rock cycle ´Rocks are recycled over tens of millions of years ´Erosion, melting, and metamorphism ´Slowest of the earth’s cycle processes
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
Minerals
´ Naturally occurring ´ Stable ´ Shaped geologically ´ Crystalline construction ´ Particular chemical ´ composition ´ Largely inorganic
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Mineral Courses
Oxides (O2-) ´ Metallic cations (Fe2+, Fe3+,
Ti2+) bonded to oxygen. ´ Examples
´ Magnetite (Fe3O4)
´ Hematite (Fe2O3) ´ Rutile (TiO2)
Halides (Cl- or F-) ´ Examples
´ Fluorite (CaF2)
´ Halite (NaCl)
29 © 2011 Pearson Training, Inc.
Mineral lessons
Carbonates (CO32-)
´ Examples
´ Calcite (CaCO3)
´ Dolomite (Ca, Mg[CO3]2)
Native metals
´ Pure lots of a single steel
´ Examples
´ Copper (Cu)
´ Gold (Au)
Mineral Courses
Sulfides (S–)
´ Metallic cations bonded to a sulfide anion.
´ Examples
´ Pyrite (FeS2)
´ Galena (PbS)
Sulfates (SO42-)
´ Metallic cation bonded to a sulfate anionic group.
´ Many sulfates type by evaporation of seawater.
´ Examples
´ Gypsum (CaSO42H2O)
´ Anhydrite (CaSO4)
Mineral Courses
´ Oxygen and Silicon are the 2 most plentiful parts within the crust.
Silicates – Silica- Four oxygen atoms encompass a single silicon atom, forming (SiO4)Four- Every oxygen atom covalently shares 1 electron with the silicon atom, collectively filling its outermost shell.
Mineral Sources
Naturally occurring mineral deposit
´ Concentrated
´ Will be extracted and used
´ Some are a single aspect
´ – Cu, Au, diamonds
´ Most are compounds
´ – NaCl, CaSO4
´ Metallic or nonmetallic
´ Excessive and low-grade ores
We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources
Ore ´Comprises worthwhile focus of
a mineral ´Could also be high-grade or low-grade
Metallic mineral sources ´Aluminum ´Metal: a mix of iron and different
parts ´Copper ´Gold ´Molybdenum
We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources
´ Nonmetallic mineral sources ´Sand ´Gravel ´Limestone ´Phosphate
Life Cycle of a Mineral Useful resource
Mineral sources undergo life cycle ´ Mining
– Find and extract ´ Conversion to merchandise
– Purify helpful mineral – Manufacture product
´ Disposal or recycling – Some minerals corrode away – Metals put on via friction – Some are pollution – Metals generally are recycled
Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted
´ Reserves ´Recognized deposits from which we will extract the
mineral profitably at present costs ´ Financial depletion
´Happens when extraction prices greater than remaining deposits are value
´ Depletion time ´Time to make use of a sure portion (often 80%) of reserves
at a given fee of use
Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted
´ Choices when a useful resource turns into economically depleted ´Recycle or reuse current provides ´Waste much less ´Use much less ´Discover a substitute ´Do with out
What Are The Environmental Results of Utilizing Nonrenewable Mineral Sources?
´ Extracting minerals from the earth’s crust and changing them into helpful merchandise: ´ Disturbs the land
´ Erodes soils
´ Produces massive quantities of stable waste
´ Pollutes the air, water, and soil
Rock Cycle and Mineral Sources�
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
Slide Quantity three
What Are Rocks?
Igneous Rocks
Sluggish Cooling – greater minerals with distinct�crystal construction
Quick cooling – very wonderful grained, not crystalline
Intrusive vs Extrusive Rocks
Examples of Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Examples of Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Oceanic and Continental Crust
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Examples of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks
Natural Sedimentary Rocks
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks
NonFoliated Metamorphic Rock
The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled Slowly
The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
Minerals
Mineral Courses
Mineral lessons
Mineral Courses
Mineral Courses
Mineral Sources
We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources
We Rely upon a Number of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources
Life Cycle of a Mineral Useful resource
Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted
Provides of Nonrenewable Mineral Sources Can Be Economically Depleted
What Are The Environmental Results of Utilizing Nonrenewable Mineral Sources?
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Mineral Sources and the Rock Cycle
tenth lecture
The Earth Is a Altering Planet
‘Geology’ is the research of dynamic processes occurring on the earth’s floor.
in addition to its inside
‘The earth’s three main concentric zones ‘ (Inside and Outer)
The asthenosphere is a part of the mantle.
‘Crust’ refers back to the continental crust.
‘Oceanic crust: 71% of the crust
What Precisely Are Rocks?
´ Mineral ´ Naturally occurring chemical aspect or compound that exists
as a crystalline stable
´ Mineral useful resource ´ Focus that we will extract and course of into uncooked
supplies
´ Nonrenewable
´ Rock ´ Stable mixture of a number of minerals
Igneous Rocks
´ Igneous rocks ´ Igneous—“fiery inception”
´ Magma—molten rock beneath Earth’s floor
´ Lava—molten rock when it flows onto Earth’s floor
Sluggish Cooling – greater minerals with distinct crystal construction
Quick cooling – very wonderful grained, not crystalline
Intrusive vs Extrusive
