ASSESSMENT 1 BRIEF
Subject Code and Title MGT611/MGMT6015 International Business Strategy
Assessment Rising Market Assessment
Particular person/Group Particular person
Size 1500 phrases
Studying Outcomes This Assessment addresses the next Subject Studying
Outcomes
a) Critically consider the important thing worldwide enterprise theories and occasions in modern world financial system.
c) Synthesise suggestions derived from making use of modern worldwide enterprise theories.
Submission For 12 weeks supply – By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday at finish of Module three.1 (Week 5).
For six weeks (Intensive) supply – By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday at finish of Module 2.2 (Week 2).
Weighting 30%
Complete Marks 30 Marks
Context:
This Assessment focuses on the analysis of alternatives and challenges for an ASX listed Australian companies that intends to broaden their enterprise in a choose rising market. Your function is to advise the senior administration staff of your chosen organisation about potential alternatives and challenges related to the worldwide enlargement to the chosen rising markets. To realize this goal, you could choose an organisation from the Australian Inventory Alternate web site in addition to an rising market from the hyperlink supplied beneath and undertake an intensive analysis on the micro surroundings (i.e., the interior surroundings of your chosen organisation) and the macro surroundings of Australia (i.e., the house nation) and your chosen rising market (i.e., the host nation) to check and distinction the findings that emerged out of your analysis to establish variations between the house nation and the host nation to highlight the alternatives and challenges related to the meant worldwide enlargement for the senior administration of the organisation that you’re working.
This Assessment ought to Help college students construct their data and understanding of exterior environmental Assessment, downside prognosis, technique improvement, and the consideration of micro and macro-level components that affect the strategic resolution of coming into to an rising market. Thus, it’s anticipated that this Assessment will equip college students with a wellinformed view of the nuances of worldwide enterprise surroundings and theories to information the strategic choices accessible to the agency whereas contemplating worldwide enlargement as their subsequent progress path.
Directions:
Assessment 1, 2 and three are interrelated in nature that requires your cautious consideration to decide on an organisation and the rising market as you wouldn’t be allowed to alter your thoughts shifting on to the Assessment 2 and three. Choose an ASX listed firm utilizing the next hyperlink:
Australia Inventory Alternate Web site: https://www2.asx.com.au/
Choose an rising market utilizing the next hyperlinks:
Record of Rising Markets/Nations/Economics: https://ggu.libguides.com/c.php?g=106866&p=693916
Record of Rising Markets/Nations/Economies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market
Upon getting chosen an ASX listed firm from the Australian Inventory Alternate web site and an rising market through the hyperlink above, undertake an in-depth analysis on the corporate and the political-legal, social-cultural, financial, technological and pure surroundings of each Australia and your chosen rising market to highlight the variations that you’ve got explored and replicate on the significance of these variations almost about the alternatives in addition to challenges on your chosen firm’s worldwide enlargement to the chosen rising market. To border your Assessment and dialogue, PESTEL, CAGE, Strategy Tripod, 5 Forces Mannequin and Porters Diamond Mannequin, Principle of Absolute Benefit, Comparative Benefit, Nationwide Competitiveness idea, Institutional Principle are related theoretical frameworks. You aren’t anticipated to make use of all of those frameworks however two which can be most fitted for the context of your analysis (one for exterior/macro surroundings analyses e.g., PESTEL/CAGE and the opposite for the analyses of the business situation e.g., Porter’s 5 Forces Mannequin, Diamond Mannequin and many others.).
Instructed format:
While the format could range on your Assessment, beneath is usually recommended format so that you can observe:
• TUA Project Coversheet (course, project title, scholar title/id, phrase rely in foremost physique)
• TUA Educational Integrity Guidelines together with your title printed and signature.
• Government abstract: between 150 and 200 phrases (not included within the whole phrase rely). Focus on succinctly the general goal, analytical framework, key findings and strategic implications of these findings.
• Desk of Contents (listing all foremost and sub-section headers and web page quantity).
• Introduction: Briefly talk about background of the organisation, it’s enterprise, competitiveness, annual income, diploma of competitors within the native market, market share, place and many others. Instructed 300 phrases.
• Nation Analyses: Focus on the important thing descriptive info for micro (i.e., inner surroundings of the corporate) and macro-environment (i.e., exterior surroundings of each the house and the host nation) in addition to the general business situation of the host nation by which the chosen organisation belongs to. Instructed 800 phrases.
• The corporate and its micro surroundings, together with related theoretical framework (see above).
• Analysis of the general situation of the actual business of the chosen rising market (i.e., the host nation) and the theoretical framework (see above).
• The macro surroundings by which the chosen firm/organisaton has to function within the chosen rising market, together with theoretical framework (see above).
• Dialogue: This part ought to spotlight variations within the exterior enterprise surroundings (e.g., PESTEL) between Australia and the chosen rising market in addition to general business situation of the actual rising market. Critically consider these variations from a theoretical standpoint to tell the senior administration of your chosen organisation what do they imply when it comes to their worldwide enlargement, how the senior administration can leverage their sources and capabilities to navigate the working surroundings of the host nation to faucet the market alternatives and/or challenges. Instructed 300 phrases
• Conclusion. Your conclusion ought to mirror your opening recapping highlights that result in a conclusion. Spotlight solely the important thing factors that summarise your foremost findings, which could embrace presenting new, essential info, projections or a justification for the reader. Instructed 100 phrases
• Reference listing. Present full reference of the sources which can be cited within the textual content observe the APA referencing pointers.
• Appendix (not obligatory, any materials that helps factors made in the principle physique) Seek for related journal articles through Torrens Library – https://library.torrens.edu.au/enterprise
Some Helpful Sources to Discover Info for the Assessments:
Australian Inventory Alternate – https://www2.asx.com.au/, discover additional concerning the listing of the chosen firms.
The Division of Overseas Affairs and Commerce – https://www.dfat.gov.au/, is the federal government physique to advertise worldwide commerce and international funding of Australia.
Financial Freedom – https://www.heritage.org/index/, measures the development in financial freedom, prosperity and alternative.
Cultural Dimensions of Geert Hofstede – https://hello.hofstede-insights.com/national-culture, contains knowledge on nationwide tradition throughout the six dimensions of Hofstede.
globalEDGE – https://globaledge.msu.edu/web site/about. The globalEDGE is a wealthy data web-portal for worldwide enterprise, hosted by Michigan State College.
The CAGE Distance Framework – https://www.ghemawat.com/cage. Describes the cultural, administrative, geographic and financial distances throughout nations to display their implications in worldwide enterprise, hosted by Professor Pankaj Ghemawat.
The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) – http://information.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/. Studies combination and particular person governance indicators for over 200 nations and territories over the interval 1996–2019, for six dimensions of governance.
The World Growth Indicators – https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-developmentindicators/, is a compilation of related, high-quality, and internationally comparable statistics about world improvement and the struggle towards poverty.
Ease of Doing Business – https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings, is an index that ranks nations to underline how conducive the regulatory surroundings of a rustic to begin and operation of an area agency.
Corruption Notion Index – https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl, ranks nations primarily based on injustice of corruption.
Referencing:
It’s important that you simply use applicable APA type persistently for citing and referencing your analysis all through the report. Please see extra info on referencing right here https://torrens.blackboard.com/webapps/blackboard/content material/listContent.jsp?course_id=_2 0163_1&content_id=_9738514_1&mode=reset
Standards for Assessment
Your Assessment can be graded based on the factors set out within the Assessment Rubric beneath. Please learn this rigorously.
Submission Directions:
Submit the report through the Assessment hyperlink in the principle navigation menu in MGT611/MGMT6015 International Business Strategy. The Studying Facilitator will present suggestions through the Grade Centre within the LMS portal. Suggestions may be seen in My Grades.
Marking Rubrics
Assessment Standards Fail
Unacceptable Move (Purposeful) Credit score (Proficient) Distinction (Superior) Excessive Distinction (Distinctive)
% Factors Zero-49% 50-64% 65-74% 75-84% 85-100%
Data and understanding (technical and theoretical
data)
Choice and dialogue of the important thing descriptive details about the agency, related business,
and agency’s aggressive place
25% Restricted
understanding of required ideas and data
Key parts of the project will not be addressed. Data or understanding of the sector or self-discipline.
Resembles a recall or abstract of key concepts.
Usually confuses assertion of private opinion with
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies. Thorough data or understanding of the sector or self-discipline/s. Helps private opinion and
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies.
Demonstrates a capability to elucidate and apply related ideas. Extremely developed understanding of the sector or self-discipline/s.
Discriminates between assertion of private opinion and
info substantiated by strong proof from the
analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Properly demonstrated capability to elucidate and apply related ideas. A complicated understanding of the sector or self-discipline/s.
Systematically and critically discriminates between assertion of private opinion and info substantiated by strong proof from the analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Mastery of ideas and utility to new conditions/ additional studying.
Content material, Viewers and Function
(broad and particular content material)
Dialogue and Assessment of the house and host nation working environments.
25% Demonstrates no consciousness of context and/or goal of the project. Demonstrates restricted consciousness of context and/or goal of the project Demonstrates constant consciousness of context and/or goal of the project. Demonstrates a sophisticated and
built-in
understanding of context and/or goal of the project. Persistently demonstrates a scientific and important understanding of context and goal of the project.
Analysis of knowledge
chosen to Help the examine
Choice and Assessment of related idea/idea and utility of the speculation within the context of enterprise surroundings that the organisation is going through.
25% Restricted understanding of key ideas required to Help the case examine.
Confuses logic and emotion. Info taken from dependable sources however with no coherent Assessment or synthesis.
Viewpoints of specialists are taken as reality with little questioning. Resembles a recall or abstract of key concepts.
Usually conflates/confuses assertion of private opinion with
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies.
Assessment and analysis don’t replicate knowledgeable judgement, mental independence, rigor and adaptability. Helps private opinion and
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies.
Demonstrates a capability to elucidate and apply related ideas.
Establish logical flaws.
Questions viewpoints of specialists. Discriminates between assertion of private opinion and
info substantiated by strong proof from the
analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Properly demonstrated capability to elucidate and apply related ideas.
Viewpoint of specialists are topic to questioning.
Assessment and analysis replicate rising judgement, mental independence, rigor and adaptability. Systematically and critically discriminates between assertion of private opinion and info substantiated by strong proof from the analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Info is taken from sources with a excessive degree of interpretation/analysis to develop a complete important Assessment or synthesis.
Identifies gaps in data.
Displays mental independence, rigor, good judgement and adaptability.
Efficient Communication
Potential to informatively and concisely impart the knowledge gathered.
10% Obscure for viewers, no
logical/clear construction, poor circulation of concepts, argument lacks supporting proof. Info, arguments and proof are introduced in a approach that’s not at all times clear and logical.
Line of reasoning is commonly tough to observe. Info, arguments and proof are nicely introduced, principally clear circulation of concepts and arguments.
Line of reasoning is straightforward to observe. Info, arguments and proof are very nicely introduced; the presentation is logical, clear and nicely supported by proof.
Demonstrates cultural sensitivity. Expertly introduced; the presentation is logical, persuasive, and nicely supported by proof, demonstrating a transparent circulation of concepts and arguments.
Engages and sustains viewers’s curiosity within the
Viewers can’t observe the road of reasoning. subject, demonstrates excessive
ranges of cultural sensitivity
Efficient use of various presentation aids, together with graphics and multi-media.
Appropriate quotation of key sources and proof
Adherence to the report format, type, grammar, and referencing
15% Demonstrates inconsistent use of excellent high quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop concepts. Demonstrates use of credible and related sources to Help and develop concepts, however these will not be at all times specific or nicely developed. Demonstrates use of top quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop concepts. Demonstrates use of excellent high quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop arguments and statements. Reveals proof of huge scope throughout the organisation for sourcing proof Demonstrates use of high-
high quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop arguments and place statements. Reveals proof of huge scope inside and with out the organisation for sourcing proof
Assessment Rising Market Assessment
Particular person/Group Particular person
Size 1500 phrases
Studying Outcomes This Assessment addresses the next Subject Studying
Outcomes
a) Critically consider the important thing worldwide enterprise theories and occasions in modern world financial system.
c) Synthesise suggestions derived from making use of modern worldwide enterprise theories.
Submission For 12 weeks supply – By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday at finish of Module three.1 (Week 5).
For six weeks (Intensive) supply – By 11:55pm AEST/AEDT Sunday at finish of Module 2.2 (Week 2).
Weighting 30%
Complete Marks 30 Marks
Context:
This Assessment focuses on the analysis of alternatives and challenges for an ASX listed Australian companies that intends to broaden their enterprise in a choose rising market. Your function is to advise the senior administration staff of your chosen organisation about potential alternatives and challenges related to the worldwide enlargement to the chosen rising markets. To realize this goal, you could choose an organisation from the Australian Inventory Alternate web site in addition to an rising market from the hyperlink supplied beneath and undertake an intensive analysis on the micro surroundings (i.e., the interior surroundings of your chosen organisation) and the macro surroundings of Australia (i.e., the house nation) and your chosen rising market (i.e., the host nation) to check and distinction the findings that emerged out of your analysis to establish variations between the house nation and the host nation to highlight the alternatives and challenges related to the meant worldwide enlargement for the senior administration of the organisation that you’re working.
This Assessment ought to Help college students construct their data and understanding of exterior environmental Assessment, downside prognosis, technique improvement, and the consideration of micro and macro-level components that affect the strategic resolution of coming into to an rising market. Thus, it’s anticipated that this Assessment will equip college students with a wellinformed view of the nuances of worldwide enterprise surroundings and theories to information the strategic choices accessible to the agency whereas contemplating worldwide enlargement as their subsequent progress path.
Directions:
Assessment 1, 2 and three are interrelated in nature that requires your cautious consideration to decide on an organisation and the rising market as you wouldn’t be allowed to alter your thoughts shifting on to the Assessment 2 and three. Choose an ASX listed firm utilizing the next hyperlink:
Australia Inventory Alternate Web site: https://www2.asx.com.au/
Choose an rising market utilizing the next hyperlinks:
Record of Rising Markets/Nations/Economics: https://ggu.libguides.com/c.php?g=106866&p=693916
Record of Rising Markets/Nations/Economies: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market
Upon getting chosen an ASX listed firm from the Australian Inventory Alternate web site and an rising market through the hyperlink above, undertake an in-depth analysis on the corporate and the political-legal, social-cultural, financial, technological and pure surroundings of each Australia and your chosen rising market to highlight the variations that you’ve got explored and replicate on the significance of these variations almost about the alternatives in addition to challenges on your chosen firm’s worldwide enlargement to the chosen rising market. To border your Assessment and dialogue, PESTEL, CAGE, Strategy Tripod, 5 Forces Mannequin and Porters Diamond Mannequin, Principle of Absolute Benefit, Comparative Benefit, Nationwide Competitiveness idea, Institutional Principle are related theoretical frameworks. You aren’t anticipated to make use of all of those frameworks however two which can be most fitted for the context of your analysis (one for exterior/macro surroundings analyses e.g., PESTEL/CAGE and the opposite for the analyses of the business situation e.g., Porter’s 5 Forces Mannequin, Diamond Mannequin and many others.).
Instructed format:
While the format could range on your Assessment, beneath is usually recommended format so that you can observe:
• TUA Project Coversheet (course, project title, scholar title/id, phrase rely in foremost physique)
• TUA Educational Integrity Guidelines together with your title printed and signature.
• Government abstract: between 150 and 200 phrases (not included within the whole phrase rely). Focus on succinctly the general goal, analytical framework, key findings and strategic implications of these findings.
• Desk of Contents (listing all foremost and sub-section headers and web page quantity).
• Introduction: Briefly talk about background of the organisation, it’s enterprise, competitiveness, annual income, diploma of competitors within the native market, market share, place and many others. Instructed 300 phrases.
• Nation Analyses: Focus on the important thing descriptive info for micro (i.e., inner surroundings of the corporate) and macro-environment (i.e., exterior surroundings of each the house and the host nation) in addition to the general business situation of the host nation by which the chosen organisation belongs to. Instructed 800 phrases.
• The corporate and its micro surroundings, together with related theoretical framework (see above).
• Analysis of the general situation of the actual business of the chosen rising market (i.e., the host nation) and the theoretical framework (see above).
• The macro surroundings by which the chosen firm/organisaton has to function within the chosen rising market, together with theoretical framework (see above).
• Dialogue: This part ought to spotlight variations within the exterior enterprise surroundings (e.g., PESTEL) between Australia and the chosen rising market in addition to general business situation of the actual rising market. Critically consider these variations from a theoretical standpoint to tell the senior administration of your chosen organisation what do they imply when it comes to their worldwide enlargement, how the senior administration can leverage their sources and capabilities to navigate the working surroundings of the host nation to faucet the market alternatives and/or challenges. Instructed 300 phrases
• Conclusion. Your conclusion ought to mirror your opening recapping highlights that result in a conclusion. Spotlight solely the important thing factors that summarise your foremost findings, which could embrace presenting new, essential info, projections or a justification for the reader. Instructed 100 phrases
• Reference listing. Present full reference of the sources which can be cited within the textual content observe the APA referencing pointers.
• Appendix (not obligatory, any materials that helps factors made in the principle physique) Seek for related journal articles through Torrens Library – https://library.torrens.edu.au/enterprise
Some Helpful Sources to Discover Info for the Assessments:
Australian Inventory Alternate – https://www2.asx.com.au/, discover additional concerning the listing of the chosen firms.
The Division of Overseas Affairs and Commerce – https://www.dfat.gov.au/, is the federal government physique to advertise worldwide commerce and international funding of Australia.
Financial Freedom – https://www.heritage.org/index/, measures the development in financial freedom, prosperity and alternative.
Cultural Dimensions of Geert Hofstede – https://hello.hofstede-insights.com/national-culture, contains knowledge on nationwide tradition throughout the six dimensions of Hofstede.
globalEDGE – https://globaledge.msu.edu/web site/about. The globalEDGE is a wealthy data web-portal for worldwide enterprise, hosted by Michigan State College.
The CAGE Distance Framework – https://www.ghemawat.com/cage. Describes the cultural, administrative, geographic and financial distances throughout nations to display their implications in worldwide enterprise, hosted by Professor Pankaj Ghemawat.
The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) – http://information.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/. Studies combination and particular person governance indicators for over 200 nations and territories over the interval 1996–2019, for six dimensions of governance.
The World Growth Indicators – https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-developmentindicators/, is a compilation of related, high-quality, and internationally comparable statistics about world improvement and the struggle towards poverty.
Ease of Doing Business – https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/rankings, is an index that ranks nations to underline how conducive the regulatory surroundings of a rustic to begin and operation of an area agency.
Corruption Notion Index – https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2020/index/nzl, ranks nations primarily based on injustice of corruption.
Referencing:
It’s important that you simply use applicable APA type persistently for citing and referencing your analysis all through the report. Please see extra info on referencing right here https://torrens.blackboard.com/webapps/blackboard/content material/listContent.jsp?course_id=_2 0163_1&content_id=_9738514_1&mode=reset
Standards for Assessment
Your Assessment can be graded based on the factors set out within the Assessment Rubric beneath. Please learn this rigorously.
Submission Directions:
Submit the report through the Assessment hyperlink in the principle navigation menu in MGT611/MGMT6015 International Business Strategy. The Studying Facilitator will present suggestions through the Grade Centre within the LMS portal. Suggestions may be seen in My Grades.
Marking Rubrics
Assessment Standards Fail
Unacceptable Move (Purposeful) Credit score (Proficient) Distinction (Superior) Excessive Distinction (Distinctive)
% Factors Zero-49% 50-64% 65-74% 75-84% 85-100%
Data and understanding (technical and theoretical
data)
Choice and dialogue of the important thing descriptive details about the agency, related business,
and agency’s aggressive place
25% Restricted
understanding of required ideas and data
Key parts of the project will not be addressed. Data or understanding of the sector or self-discipline.
Resembles a recall or abstract of key concepts.
Usually confuses assertion of private opinion with
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies. Thorough data or understanding of the sector or self-discipline/s. Helps private opinion and
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies.
Demonstrates a capability to elucidate and apply related ideas. Extremely developed understanding of the sector or self-discipline/s.
Discriminates between assertion of private opinion and
info substantiated by strong proof from the
analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Properly demonstrated capability to elucidate and apply related ideas. A complicated understanding of the sector or self-discipline/s.
Systematically and critically discriminates between assertion of private opinion and info substantiated by strong proof from the analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Mastery of ideas and utility to new conditions/ additional studying.
Content material, Viewers and Function
(broad and particular content material)
Dialogue and Assessment of the house and host nation working environments.
25% Demonstrates no consciousness of context and/or goal of the project. Demonstrates restricted consciousness of context and/or goal of the project Demonstrates constant consciousness of context and/or goal of the project. Demonstrates a sophisticated and
built-in
understanding of context and/or goal of the project. Persistently demonstrates a scientific and important understanding of context and goal of the project.
Analysis of knowledge
chosen to Help the examine
Choice and Assessment of related idea/idea and utility of the speculation within the context of enterprise surroundings that the organisation is going through.
25% Restricted understanding of key ideas required to Help the case examine.
Confuses logic and emotion. Info taken from dependable sources however with no coherent Assessment or synthesis.
Viewpoints of specialists are taken as reality with little questioning. Resembles a recall or abstract of key concepts.
Usually conflates/confuses assertion of private opinion with
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies.
Assessment and analysis don’t replicate knowledgeable judgement, mental independence, rigor and adaptability. Helps private opinion and
info
substantiated by proof from the
analysis/course supplies.
Demonstrates a capability to elucidate and apply related ideas.
Establish logical flaws.
Questions viewpoints of specialists. Discriminates between assertion of private opinion and
info substantiated by strong proof from the
analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Properly demonstrated capability to elucidate and apply related ideas.
Viewpoint of specialists are topic to questioning.
Assessment and analysis replicate rising judgement, mental independence, rigor and adaptability. Systematically and critically discriminates between assertion of private opinion and info substantiated by strong proof from the analysis/course supplies and prolonged studying.
Info is taken from sources with a excessive degree of interpretation/analysis to develop a complete important Assessment or synthesis.
Identifies gaps in data.
Displays mental independence, rigor, good judgement and adaptability.
Efficient Communication
Potential to informatively and concisely impart the knowledge gathered.
10% Obscure for viewers, no
logical/clear construction, poor circulation of concepts, argument lacks supporting proof. Info, arguments and proof are introduced in a approach that’s not at all times clear and logical.
Line of reasoning is commonly tough to observe. Info, arguments and proof are nicely introduced, principally clear circulation of concepts and arguments.
Line of reasoning is straightforward to observe. Info, arguments and proof are very nicely introduced; the presentation is logical, clear and nicely supported by proof.
Demonstrates cultural sensitivity. Expertly introduced; the presentation is logical, persuasive, and nicely supported by proof, demonstrating a transparent circulation of concepts and arguments.
Engages and sustains viewers’s curiosity within the
Viewers can’t observe the road of reasoning. subject, demonstrates excessive
ranges of cultural sensitivity
Efficient use of various presentation aids, together with graphics and multi-media.
Appropriate quotation of key sources and proof
Adherence to the report format, type, grammar, and referencing
15% Demonstrates inconsistent use of excellent high quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop concepts. Demonstrates use of credible and related sources to Help and develop concepts, however these will not be at all times specific or nicely developed. Demonstrates use of top quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop concepts. Demonstrates use of excellent high quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop arguments and statements. Reveals proof of huge scope throughout the organisation for sourcing proof Demonstrates use of high-
high quality, credible and related sources to Help and develop arguments and place statements. Reveals proof of huge scope inside and with out the organisation for sourcing proof

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