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INTRODUCTION

Etymologically the time period Agriculture is derived as follows – ‘Agri’ means subject or soil and ‘tradition’ means the care of or tilling. It contains all such human efforts as are conducive to the fast and higher development of greens and animal merchandise for the profit of man. Within the final fifty years of liberation, the state has undergone and witnessed in the agriculture sector. On the time of liberation, practically two third of the inhabitants was concerned in agriculture as their main occupation. Paddy was the predominant crop of the state adopted by cashew and coconut. The state of affairs now altering and at the moment we’ve got cashew nut which is cultivated in practically 55,000 Ha with paddy 31,000 Ha. The cultivation of horticulture crops these days are gaining significance because of the good returns, decrease threat and tolerance of these crop for half time farming are tremendously affect.

The state of Goa is offering help to agriculture in any respect ranges to supply substantial returns to rural folks.The Agriculture Division provides help for farmer from land preparation of the extent of advertising and marketing of the produce. The Division of Agriculture with is head quarter at Tonca, Panaji implements developmental programme by zonal agriculture workplaces positioned in every talukas degree and coaching heart at district degree. Laboratories are arrange at district degree to check the soil the place soil well being playing cards are issued for main and micro

Goa being a progressive state, the farmers face super scarcity of labor who may work on the fields . The dependence of machine for actions in agriculture is rising pattern. Goan farmers having small land holding and practically 80% of farmers personal lower than 1 ha of land. The federal government most popular smaller machine to farmers and gives monetary help for such machines.

Within the state of Goa agriculture is one of an important financial exercise. . Lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats, to feed its personal folks Goa faces issues . The coastal areas are uncovered to salinity and never appropriate for agriculture , whereas the inland areas should not productive sufficient. So for its day-to-day wants of agricultural produce like greens, Goa relies on Karnataka and Maharashtra for its each day wants of agricultural produce like greens. Nonetheless, roughly one-third of the entire land in Goa falls underneath forest areas and yields substantial earnings.

• The federal government, nonetheless, has performed a lot to enhance and develop agriculture in Goa to make it extra productive, thus enabling the farmers to get a greater return for his or her labor. Rice and fish being the staple food plan of the folks, paddy turns into the distinguished crop in the situation of agriculture in Goa. The essential crops, apart from paddy, are maize, ragi, bajra, jowar and pulses. Money crops like mango aerecanut jackfruit, banana pineapple, cashew nut coconut, are additionally grown in abundance. Cashew is one of an important crop in Goa. One type of intoxicating drink known as Feni is produced from cashew. Sugarcane cultivation has been latest phenomena and a sugar manufacturing facility has additionally been arrange in Goa. There are totally different selection of mangoes are grown in Goa. Some of the well-known Mango varieties are mancurade, mussarade, fernandine, xavier, alfonsa, colaco. Kapo (onerous) and Rasal (smooth) are two varieties of jackfruit are grown right here. The greens which are generally half of the agriculture in Goa are girl’s fingers, radish, brinjol, pumpkins, cucumber, drumsticks, breadfruit and totally different varieties of gourds. Candy potatoes, chillies, onions are additionally out there in Goa.
• Paddy being the principal crop of Goa, it’s grown in two seasons, specifically Kharif or sorod and the rabi or vaingan. The crops that are grown in monsoon are known as the kharif crops and the winter crops are known as rabi crops. The primary sources of irrigation for winter crops are the nallahs, rivers and streams, tanks, wells and canals. Crops that are grown in the Kharif season consist of paddy, ragi (regionally known as nachani) and a few pulses. Crops grown in the rabi season are comprised of paddy, pulses like horse-gram (kulith), black gram (udid), a range of beans and a few greens.

Nonetheless though one fourth of the inhabitants is sustained by agriculture in Goa, it contributes to solely 15 to 16 % to the revenue of the state. As a result of speedy urbanization the supply of agricultural land is decreasing.

In Goa, shifting cultivation is regionally referred to as ‘Kumeri’ and it’s this manner of agriculture that’s largely liable for producing Goa’s output of nachne, different millets and pulses. Nonetheless, agriculturally educated farmers, scientists or foresters condemn kumeri cultivation as ecologically damaging and sustained effort have been made by the forest and Agriculture division to discontinue such cultivation. There are principally 5 phases in Kumeri cultivation. Felling an space of forests, fixing the useless vegetation, planting or sowing seeds with out the plough, weeding; and ultimately harvesting. Although virgin forests give increased yields, kumeri cultivation prefers a secondary forest for cultivation. It is because clearing main forest is kind of an harmful activity, requiring extra manpower and demanding a bigger drying interval for the felled vegetation. In Goa, Kumeri cultivation grew to become an issue for two causes. First, throughout Portuguese regime, massive chunk of hilly areas have been declared as forests and later by the Goa authorities thus decreasing drastically the Kumeri cycles of the tribals. Secondly forest Division cleared felled forest with in the non-protected areas and transformed these to monoculture species of eucalyptus and teak, thereby affecting forest availability to Kumeri cultivation. The elimination of Kumeri cultivation has led to a drastic decline in the supply of millets like nachne which have remained the standard food plan of the economically unprivileged inhabitants in Goa. Goa being a small state in space, agricultural land is usually used for nonagricultural functions. Massive areas are used to construct bus-stands, highways, buildings and many others. Being located in the coastal belt, the true property business in Goa has grown a lot increased throughout the previous few years and the land costs are hovering excessive, thereby luring the farmers to maintain their land fallow after which promote it off for an enormous market worth. Additionally it is discovered that the rise in residential space has led to elevated dumping actions which can embrace mud and rubble. These actions result in rain water clogging as an alternative of it speeding into the ocean. This issue too retains the farmers from cultivating their lands and so they desire to maintain it fallow as bettering the drainage could be a very expensive affair. Farming in Goa is principally depending on the arrival of monsoons. The standard and amount of cropd by well timed required rains . At occasions the farmers are helpless with the late arrival of monsoons which in flip results in delayed sowing and thus low yield. At occasions there’s a dry spell which additionally impacts the expansion of crops. All this requires higher irrigation services. The truth that tourism business in Goa has flourished, has had its implications on agriculture too. The tourism business provides extra profitable affords to the current day youth, thus offering them with common employment. And this facet results in the subsequent drawback confronted by farmers i.e. availability of labour and excessive labour value. With the youthful technology not eager to soil their palms in the land and searching for white collar jobs and inexperienced pastures abroad, scarcity of labour has led farmers to rent labour from different states. This in flip has elevated the fee of farming. The neighbouring states of Goa like Maharashtra and Karnataka have plentiful of four agricultural exercise and thus the agricultural merchandise are low priced. Thus importing these merchandise works out less expensive than cultivating them.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In accordance Olekar Ramesh (2008) agriculture has been one of the essential half of our economic system. There are greater than 60% of our folks depend on agriculture for his or her livelihood. It’s a means of life, a convention; agriculture will proceed to be central to all of the methods for socio-economic improvement of the nation. Fast development of agriculture won’t solely guarantee continued meals safety but additionally support in development in business and the GDP. To take care of development in agriculture credit score performs an essential position. The quantity of agriculture credit score given by the financial institution to the farmers has elevated from over the yr. This has been a powerful improvement in banking credit score sector, contemplating the truth that there are a number of issues like accessing credit score for agriculturist and drawback offering mortgage by the financial institution.

Chand Ramesh et. al (2010) talks about agriculturalproduction and farm revenue in India contain a number of dangers. One and solely mechanism out there to safeguard in opposition to manufacturing dangers is crop insurance coverage. For eg.the scheme known as as NationalAgriculturalInsuranceScheme(NAIS) working in the nation and has recommended a number of modifications to make crop insurance coverage simpler. However the protection of this scheme in phrases of crop space, quantity of farmers and worth ofagriculturaloutput could be very small.To make agriculture threat administration simpler the current degree of protection must be improved. Such an enchancment has monetary implication and can have an effect on present insurance coverage practices.Due to this fact it requires renewed effort on the half of the federal government in phrases of designing acceptable mechanism and offering help in phrases of finance.,to agricultural insurance coverage.

Kumar and Sameer(2009) focuses on the implementation Kishan Credit score Card (KCC)Schemein India.The Authorities of India consulted with the Reserve Financial institution of India, and Nationwide Financial institution forAgriculturaland Rural Improvement to determine KCC. Offering credit score help to the farmers by banking system well timed and adequately method is the target of thescheme. Benefits of thescheme embrace a full yr credit score requirement, simplified documentation, and availability of credit score for three years.

Sharma and E. Kumar (2008) studies concerning agriculture associated issues of totally different Bt cotton farmers those that should not eligible for any profit underneath India’s Finance Minister P. Chidambaram’s Rs. 60,000-crore farm mortgage waiverscheme. The farmer identify Gurram Adi Reddy, maintain a view that the true points behind there non elegibility for any profit underneath waver scheme is lack of ample water energy, the well timed availability of inputs and honest, remunerative and constant costs for the produce.

Rajkumar P Ok et. al (2009) talks about of onion and maize growers who’ve been underneath Market Intervention Scheme(MIS) in the state of Karnataka by deciding on two districts of the state. Dharwad and Gadag. As a result of a number of issues equivalent to procedural complexities the scheme has been delayed funds and the requirement of assembly Honest Common High quality (FAQ) stipulations for the crops. It has additionally been discovered that if the procourement centres as farther it’s extra doubtless that farmer to go in the open market sale. The research counsel that simplification of process making well timed fee and growing the quantity of procurement centres to cowl bigger quantity of farmer underneath Market Intervenion Scheme This research speak about an essential innovation in offering healthcare for the agricultural poor: the Yeshasvini Well being InsuranceSchemefor rural farmers and peasants in Karnataka. That is one of the world’s largest well being insuranceschemefor the agricultural poor, theschemestarted in 2003. So it’s designed in a such a way that overcome a number of obstacles to offering well being safety for rural populations. Within the the second yr, the scheme coated about 2.2 million broadly dispersed peasant farmers for surgical and out affected person look after a low annual premium of roughly US$ 2.

In accordance Jana and Sebak Kumar(2011) in India greater than 50% are depending on agriculture for his or her livelihood. Nonetheless Indian economic system are agrarian economic system.60% of the rainfed areas with none supply of irrigation.And majority of these areas are coated by marginal farmers and rural poor. As a result of lack of irrigation services small and marginal farmers are are in danger. There may be want for sustainable and progressive varieties of irrigation. For eg progressive experiment is happa experiment which is seen as Built-in Pure Useful resource Administration( INRM) emphasizing each water and soil administration.

In accordance Ok. N. Rao(2002) inIndia practically 2/third of the inhabitants relies upon onagriculturefor their livelihood andagricultureis extremely depend on nature, crop insurance coverage has to play the position of an important establishment. Crop insurance coverage alone can’t enhance productiveness or by offering finance each ought to enhance identical time .Throughout the VIIth 5-year plan interval, the Complete Crop Insurance coverage Scheme was introduce. Although the scheme has shortcomings, farmers acquired practically 6 occasions the premium as claims, however solely 5% of the entire farming neighborhood had been coated underneath this scheme. The Nationwide Agricultural InsuranceScheme(NAIS), which changed CCIS w.e.f. 1999 is an improved model. Identical to in different elements of the world the crop insurance coverage packages in India is supported and financed by governments.

In accordance Jennifer(2009) In1985 crop insurance coverage scheme is began providing by the federal government of India with the Complete Crop InsuranceScheme.Within the latest years NationalAgricultureInsuranceScheme changed by complete Crop Insurance coverage Scheme. Although it’s thought-about NAIS as an enchancment over CCIS additionally it is flawed scheme simply because the CCIS.It’s discovered that Authorities crop insurance coverage scheme have failed worldwide however India appears to have this actuality.

S.Ok. Mishra(2007) claims that rice, wheat, maize, millets and pulses are the foremost meals crops of India the place as main money crops embrace Oilseeds, sugarcane, cotton, jute & mesta, and potatoes. Minor money crops embrace Tobacco, chillies, ginger, onion, turmeric, tapioca, sweat potatoes, and many others. Plantationcrops embracetea, espresso and rubber. three/4th of the gross space underneath cultivation is cereals and pulses. This clearly exhibits that there’s enhanceinthe share space underneath themoneycropsis discernible. Lower than 1% space is underneath Plantation crops. Among the many mealscrops, wheat has highest development charge adopted by maize, rice and pulses. Millets having detrimental development charge space.

J Ok Sachdeva(2005) talks about money crop like tea, espresso, spices, oilseeds, cotton and cashew . They’re conventional export objects, and India exports 50% money crops of its whole agricultural produce. This stuff are prepared for consumption after some worth addition. In industries this stuff are used as uncooked materials in meals. The commodities could be ranked excessiveinhierarchy of calls for after meals objects like wheat and rice. The buyer financial standing performs a big positionintheir demand. The paper analyses the exports of tea, espresso, spices, cotton, oilseeds and cashew byIndia, the expansion in the exports after the approaching of financial reforms, calculates the adjustments in export and discusses the connection between exports, imports and manufacturing.

In response to Richa Kumar(2014) that farmers have restricted info and lots of middlemen create drawback in getting increased worth for his or her produce . She provides the instance of soybean farmersinMalwa, centralIndia, which is acashcropthat connects farmers to international customers, this text argues that the very expectation of disintermediationinthe soybean provide chain is deceptive.India’s positioninthese international networks places farmers and intermediariesinMalwainthe place of worth receivers: they’re unable to affect the worldwide worth of soybean or manipulate its native priceinany means.Inthis context, offering worth info has negligible influence on the ultimate worth obtained by farmers. To result in potential adjustments there’s a want to search out out the waysinwhich energy is exercised by varied actorsinthe market

In accordance Gulati, et . al (2002)Riceis the foremost meals crop of virtually 70% of the world’s poor who’re stayinginAsia, the place greater than 90% of worldricemanufacturing and consumption takes place.Ricecommerce liberalization due to this fact has super implications for poverty. The worldricemarket of the world has been imbalanced partly as a consequence of intervention. Poor nations equivalent to Thailand, Vietnam, andIndia not defending ”rice sectors, the wealthy nations of East Asia (Japan and Korea), Europe, and america closely help theirriceproducers. This results in nice varietyinhomericeworth ranges, with very excessive costsinthe latter nations and really low costsinthe previous. Commerce liberalization would thus outcomesinflows from these poorer Asian nations to East Asia and Europe. This might be constructive impact on poverty, the place worth of producer will enhance. It can additionally result in second-round results (wages, employment, and funding)inexporting nations.

Parshuram Samal & Rabinarayan Patra(2012) focuses on manufacturing lossesinriceas a consequence of pure calamities like drought, flood and cycloneinOdisha throughout interval of(1965-66 to 2008-09) by utilizing secondary information. It additionally tells the coping methods adopted byfarmerson the premise of main information collected from 100 affected patternfarmers. The outcome present heavy losses in ricemanufacturing in calamity years. To earn extra revenue and smoothen consumption spending in the calamity years coping methods utilized by farmers had been Migration and shifting to wage workinthe development sector. Given the impossibility of stopping the incidence of pure calamities, it’s doable to argue better allocation of funds forriceanalysis for creatingricevarieties is beneficial to sort out varied calamity conditions and technology

Sathishka okay and P. A.Rego(2013) studied about Agriculture in Dakshina Kannada. This paper research the foremost tendencies of agriculture sector in Dakshina Kannada District and likewise examines the crop diversification in Dakshina Kannada District. Dakshina Kannada is main an agriculture district of karnataka state. Kind of 60% of inhabitants of district will depend on agriculture for his or her livelihood. Dakshina Kannada has changed meals grains with non meals grains crops like rubber, areca nuts, cashew nuts. The author concludes by saying that city migration of agricultural labor and urbanization led to the diversification.

In accordance D. N. Patil (2010) It’s now understood that the adjustments in the institutional credit score is essential issue to result in improvement in the farm sector. That is significantly true in areas which couldn’t take part in the method of improvement. There may be an pressing want to extend the institutional credit score in the agriculral credit score. Due to this fact to cut back the regional imbalance, new financial institution branches must be open in rural areas.

Narwade S. S. et.al (2009) studied about agricultural efficiency in the state of Orrisa through the pre and submit reform interval . in the pre reform interval there was decline in each space and yield development charges. The Assessment reveals that in Orissa an yield per hectare of meals grain crops have acquired extreme setback throughout submit reform interval over the pre reform interval. Output of the meals grain crops and instability has additionally considerably elevated throughout submit reform.

S. A. Sujatha (2010) studied the issues confronted by farmers in the present farming system. That each one the classes of farmers going through shortage of household labor as a consequence of involvements in non farm actions and fragmentation of land. Massive quantity of farmers are depending on rainfall, they’re additionally confronted with issues like lack of transportation and advertising and marketing services.