The fungi are a gaggle of eukaryotic organisms. Resulting from their microscopic mobile dimensions, they’re of nice curiosity to microbiologists. Multicellular fungi is acquainted to every one in all us. The velvety blue and inexperienced progress on rotting oranges and lemons in addition to on stale cheeses, the whitish gray furry outgrowth on bread and Jam, and the mushrooms within the discipline. These are the our bodies of a wide range of fungi. Fungi are heterotrophic organisms”They want natural compounds for diet.
The classification of fungi, in contrast to that of micro organism, is predicated totally on the hracterstics of the sexual spores and fruiting our bodies, current in the course of the sexual phases of their life cycle. Nevertheless, the sexual spores and fruiting our bodies are produced solely beneath sure environmental situations, if they’re recognized to supply them in any respect. Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which incorporates probably the most broadly eaten mushrooms. Species of pleurotus could also be known as oyesters, abalone or tree mushrooms and are a few of the mostly cultivated edible mushrooms on the earth.
They’ve been very a lot helpful in mycoremediation of pollution equivalent to petroleum and polycyclic fragrant ydrocarbons. The identify pleurotus has been derived from the greek phrase pleure (aspect) + otos (ear) which implies “Facet Ear”. The next are the small print of Pleurotus Genus scientific classification: l. The dominion of pleurotus is Fungi, II. Phylum is basidiomycota, Unwell. class is Agaricomycetes ‘V. Order is agaricales V. Household is pleurotaceae The fundamental construction of oyster mushroom features a capwhich could also be laterally hooked up (with no stem).
If there’s a stem, it’s usually eccentric and the gills are prolonged downward alongside it. The time period pleurotoid is used for mushrooms having this eneral form. There are specific cylindrical spores that are clean and elongated. The place hyphae meet, they’re Joined by clamp connections. Pleurotus will not be thought-about to be a bracket fungus and a lot of the species are monomitic (with a gentle consistency). Pleurotus Ostreatus Specs Scientific identify: Pleurotus ostreatus Oacq. ) P. Kumm. Derivation of identify: Ostre- means “oyster” and atus means “resembling. ” Synonyms: Agaricus ostreatus Jacq.
Widespread identify(s): Oyster mushroom. Phylum: Basidiomycota Order: Agaricales Household: Pleurotaceae Prevalence on wooden substrate: Saprobic or parasitic; olitary to extra usually in overlapping clusters on dwelling or lifeless deciduous timber, on rotting logs and stumps, generally on conifers; April all over November, year-round throughout gentle intervals. Dimensions: Caps 5-20 or extra cm huge; stipes zero. 5-Four cm lengthy and zero. 5- Three. 5 cm thick. Stripes could also be absent. Cap: Moist or dry; clean; variable in coloration: whitish to cream, greyish to brown, some with lilac tones; oyster shell- formed to fan-shaped or semicircular.
Gills: Decurrent or glowing from level of attachment; broad; whitish, yellowish in age. Spore print: White to pale lilac-gray. Stipe: Typically absent or rudimentary. If current, lateral to eccentric and even central if fruitbodies are on prime of a log or stump; whitish; furry at base. Veil: Absent. Edibility: Edible, rated as alternative. The oyster and abalone mushrooms belong to the genus pleurotus. They’ve a excessive saprophyte colonizing skill and may develop on nearly any agricultural waste. They rank among the many prime six mushrooms produced on the earth.
It ought to be famous that the provision of a superb pressure of mushrooms, appropriate substrate for cultivation and management of saprophytic and parasitic microorganisms are the three most vital spects for mushroom cultivation. The world manufacturing for this genus was 169,000 tons in 1986. The consumption and manufacturing of edible mushrooms in creating nations have occurred for a few years. There was a excessive upsurge of curiosity in cultivation of this mushroom within the final decade. Due to their spicy flavour and their medical results in dropping plasma ldl cholesterol, mushrooms are broadly consumed in Europe, the U.
S. A and Japan. Most of the fleshy sporocarp species of the numerous acomycetes and basidiomycetes can safely be eaten whereas only some toxic species of the fleshy fungi may be discovered . Nevertheless a couple of thousand mushrooms are recognized, about 100 mushrooms are edible and only some are thought-about of a business worth. Pleurotus ostreatus is comparatively simple to develop. Just a few trials to supply the mycelium of oyster mushrooms in Egypt utilizing some agro industrial wastes had been solely just lately carried out. The objective of this work was to review the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp. emphasizing the impact of various media and natural substrates on manufacturing. Mushrooms of Pleurotus spp. are generally often called oyster mushrooms which occupy the second osition amongst cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide as a consequence of their dietary values. They’re broadly cultivated everywhere in the world. Its manufacturing is remarkably affected by the environmental situations like temperature and relative humidity. On this examine, we investigated the manufacturing of 4 species of oyster mushroom: 1 . ) Pleurotus ostreatus 2. ) P. florida Three. ) P. aJor-caJu and Four. ) p. Excessive king Cultivated in each season( January to December) in Bangladesh. The temperature (in C) and relative humidity (%RH) ot tradition home in every month, and parameters ot ushroom manufacturing had been recorded. In the entire selective examine of this species, the minimal days required for primordial initiation, and the utmost variety of fruiting our bodies, organic yield and organic effectivity had been discovered throughout December to February (14-27 oc, 70-80% RH). The manufacturing was discovered minimal in the course of the cultivated time August to October.
We steered cultivation of chosen Pleurotus spp. in winter (temperature zone 14-27 oc with relative humidity for higher manufacturing and organic effectivity. The environmental issue is essential for the manufacturing of oyster mushrooms. Numerous mushrooms are recognized to be very delicate to the weather conditions. The most important environmental elements like temperature, humidity, recent air and compact supplies have an effect on in mushroom manufacturing. Pleurotus spp. grows in big selection of temperature (15-30 oc) which additionally varies from species to species.
Oyster mushrooms Pleurotus spp. draw their dietary requirement from a bunch substrate or from the agricultural wastes wealthy in lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses used for his or her cultivation. Resulting from various vitamins within the substrates, totally different mushroom yields have been recorded by varied employees. Oyster mushrooms are grown from mycelium (threadlike filaments that turn into interwoven) propagated on a base of steam-sterilized cereal grain (normally rye or millet). This cereal grain/mycelium combination is known as spawn and is used to seed mush-room substrate.
Most spawn is made with mycelium from a saved tradition, moderately than mycelium whose mum or dad was a spore. It’s because spores are prone to yield a brand new pressure and efficiency could be unpredictable. Spawn-making is a moderately advanced activity and never possible for the bizarre mushroom grower. Spawn of varied oyster mushroom species could also be urchased from com-mercial spawn makers who normally present directions for its use. Spawn often is shipped from the producer to growers in the identical aseptic containers used for spawn manufacturing.
Inoculum for spawn manufacturing is often produced in polyethylene baggage containing a micro porous breather strip for gasoline change. Most business spawn manufacturing firms produce spawn solely from inoculums that has met strict high quality management requirements. These requirements embody verification of inoculums manufacturing efficiency earlier than it’s used to supply spawn and assurance of the spawn’s organic purity and vigour So ariable in measurement, form and color are the numerous sorts of oyster mushroom that assured recognition of some species is difficult with out resorting to microscopic Assessment.
The method will not be helped by the fruiting behavior of many Pleurotusspecies that appear to thrill in rising past attain, generally excessive up within the crowns of timber. For probably the most half the assorted oyster mushrooms are saprophytic on deciduous timber, and solely very hardly ever are they discovered on conifers. Distribution Pleurotus ostreatus, the Oyster Mushroom, happens all through Britain and Eire in addition to in most components of mainland Europe. It is usually broadly distributed all through a lot of Asia, together with Japan, and is current in components of North America.
A number of comparable species throughout the Pleurotus genus are sometimes confused, and so distribution knowledge for particular person species on this advanced group are inevitably topic to some uncertainty. Taxonomic historical past The Oyster Mushroom was first described scientifically in 1775 by Dutch naturalist Nikolaus Joseph Freinerr von Jacquin 7) and named Agaricus ostreatus. (Within the early days of fungus taxonomy a lot of the gilled mushrooms had been integrated within the genus Agaricus. ) In 1871 German mycologist Paul Kummer transferred the
Oyster Mushroom to the genus Pleurotus (a brand new genus that Kummer himself had outlined in 1971), giving it its presently accepted scientific identify. Synonyms of Pleurotus ostreatus includeAgaricus ostreatus Jacq. , Crepidopus ostreatusoacq. ) Grey, and Pleurotus columbinus Quel. The blue-grey-capped type of this mushroom is referred to by some authorities as Pleurotus ostreatus var. columbinus (Quel) Quel. Etymology The generic identify Pleurotus is Latin for ‘aspect ear’ and refers back to the lateral attachment of the stem;ostreatus is a reference to oysters, and in form the fruitbodies usually do esemble oyster shells.
The specimens proven on this web page present Simply how changeable Oyster Mushrooms may be – not solely in color and kind but additionally of their rising habitat. From the highest: on a lifeless Beech trunk; subsequent on a standing stay (however certainly dying) Cabbage Palm; and ultimately on a lifeless department damaged fallen from an previous Ash tree. Significance of nitrogen sources for the expansion of pleurotus spp. :- i) Nitrogen is an important aspect for mobile capabilities, for progress and varied metabolic actions, notably protein and enzyme synthesis. i’) The nitrogen content material of mycelium ranges between Three-6%. i) Cereal straw used for cultivation of oyster mushroom is a poor supply of nitrogen (zero. 5 to zero. eight%) and on the time of fructification when a lot of the nitrogen is utilized for mycelia progress, the depleted nitrogen within the substrate turns into insufficient and limits mushroom yield. ‘v) Within the current research seven dissimilar nitrogen sources : wheat bran, rice bran, soya bean ground, de-oiled soya bean meal, mustard cake, cotton seed cake and cotton seed meal had been evaluated for his or her impact on mushroom yield. v) Cotton seed cake and de-oiled soya bean meal gave considerably increased yield than unsupplemented baggage.
Evaluate of literature : The oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp is a saprophytic fungus commercially cultivated all through the world due to its tasty basidiocarp and easy cultivation expertise. It is usually one of many choicest white rot fungi for analysis scientists to research. Pleurotus spp’s lignocellulolytic enzymes for bioremediation (Arisoy and Kalan Kayan 1997, Walter et. al. 1997), its flavour compounds, (Mau et. al. 1998), its synthesis of diterpene and polysaccharide (Gutirrez et. al. 1996) and its pure pigment extraction (Shirata and Kato 1998) make it a promising topic for examine.
Oyster mushrooms are primarily cultivated on residues from agricultural crops equivalent to wheat, paddy, cotton, sugar cane or soybean (Sohi and Upadhyay 1989, Savalgi and Savalgi 1994). Pleurotus spp even have the potential to mineralize and develop on industrial wastes equivalent to tea (Upadhyay et. al. 1996), apple pomace (Upadhyay and Sohi 1988) or non-conventional substrates containing lignin, cellulose or hemicellulose equivalent to dried Populus leaves. (Upadhyay and Verma 2000). These residues are low (zero. 5 to zero. eight%) in nitrogen content material. A number of employees have reported various recent oyster mushroom yields utilizing crop residues (Sohi and Upadhyay 1987,
Madan et. al. 1987). The variations could also be because of the nutrient standing of the substrate used for cultivation. The manufacturing of oyster mushrooms after the primary flush is drastically diminished and there’s a tlusn break ot 10 to 20 days relying upon the species of oyster mushroom. The yield flip down could possibly be as a consequence of both depletion of vitamins or accumulation of poisonous substances unfavourable to fruiting. In Agaricus bisporus, elevated yields have been reported by supplementing with varied proteins, carbohydrate or oil wealthy dietary supplements like soybean meal, cotton seed meal, alfalfa meal or corn gluten meal.
Sinder and Schisler 1962, Gerrits 1983). Within the current research seven totally different natural nitrogenous supplies had been evaluated to search out out their impact on yield. The very best substrates had been additional evaluated for his or her optimum dose with most yield. Supplies and Strategies Prewetted chopped wheat straw (2-3cm) was combined with calcium sulphate (Four% w/w) and carbendazim 50% w. p. (1 5g/quintal) and an oblong pile ready. It was given two turnings on alternate days for 4 days in order that the temperature didn’t exceed greater than 600C throughout fermentation.
After 4 days, the partially fermented traw was pasteurized in a tunnel at 700C for 6h and subsequently conditioned at 450C for 36h. Dietary supplements (wheat bran, rice bran, cotton seed meal, cotton seed cake, soybean meal, de-oiled soybean cake and mustard cake) had been individually handled in a reply of carbendazim (100ppm) for 16h. The speed of including up of all of the dietary supplements was 5% (dry wt. ) besides wheat and rice bran (10%). Handled dietary supplements had been completely combined on the time of spawning with pasteurized straw. Twenty-day-old spawn of P. ostratuas var florida was added at a Three% moist wt.
5 kg spawned substrate was crammed into 45x30cm polyethelene baggage with 10 holes (5mm ia. ). Every complement had six replications. Spawned baggage had been incubated in a darkish cropping room (temp. 13-18’C). Colonized baggage had been opened after 25 days. A relative humidity of 70-75% was maintained by spraying water twice a day; 6-8h mild was supplied with fluorescent tubes; and carbon dioxide focus was maintained at 700-780 ppm within the cropping room. Mushrooms had been harvested each day earlier than spraying and knowledge had been recorded. Organic effectivity (BE) was deliberate on the premise of recent mushrooms from 100 kg dry substrate weight.
Within the second experiment, cotton seed cake and de-oiled soybean cake had been additional evaluated r their efficient optimum dose. The dietary supplements had been handled as earlier than, at a price of 1, 2. 5, 5, 7. 5 and 10% substrate dry weight. Desk 1. Impact of natural dietary supplements to wheat straw on recent mushroom yield of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida in 60 days. S. No. Substrate + Dietary supplements Common Yield (kg) per kg substrate Organic effectivity (BE) (%) P.c improve (+) or lower (-) from management Wheat straw + wheat bran (10%) zero. 860 86. zero +20. 6 Wheat straw + rice bran (10%) zero. 838 83. eight +17. 5 Three.
Wheat straw + cotton seed cake (5%) zero. 946 94. 6 -12. 2 Four. Wheat straw + cotton seed meal (5%) zero. 46 64. 6 5. Wheat straw + soybean meal (5%) zero. 732 73. 2 2. 6 6. Wheat straw + de-oiled soybean cake (5%) zero. 928 92. eight +30. 1 7. Wheat straw + mustard cake (5%) zero. 532 53. 2 -25. Three eight. Wheat straw (management) zero. 713 71 . Three CD at zero. 21 1 Desk 2. Impact of various doses of de-oiled soybean cake on recent mushroom yield and dry matter of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida. S. NO. Charge of supplementation (Dry wt. ) % improve over management % dry matter content material in 1st and 2nd tlusnes Wheat straw 1% soybean 92. +21 9. 85 10. 04 2. 2. 5% soybean 84. eight +11. 57 9. 45 10. zero 5% soybean 84. 5 +11. 18 10. 29 10. 25 7. % soybean 87. eight +1 5. 52 eight. eight 9. 75 10. zero% soybean 83. 2 +eight. 15 9. Three 10. 55 76. zero 6. 9 The dry matter content material of mushrooms harvested from each the dietary supplements at totally different doses are proven in Desk 2 and Desk Three. Soybean supplementation usually yielded heavier mushrooms within the first flush than cotton seed cake supplementation. Most dry matter content material was recorded from baggage supplemented with 5% de-oiled soybean cake and additional improve in supplementation didn’t yield heavier mushrooms.
In cotton seed cake, the heaviest mushroom truit our bodies had been noticed with zero% dose within the first tlusn, whereas within the econd flush, the bottom price of utility gave the heaviest mushrooms. The dry matter content material within the second flush was usually greater than the primary flush for each the dietary supplements. Apparently the spore print color of the mushrooms from 10% soybean was a creamy yellow. The dietary Assessment of mushrooms attain from totally different dietary supplements is beneath investigation. The addition of cotton seed cake gave the utmost yield improve (+47. 7%) whereas soybean cake gave heavier mushroom fruit our bodies than cotton seed cake.
The usage of supplementation elevated the substrate temperature (Figurel and Determine 2) from the fourth day onwards to the ixteenth day. Baggage with de-oiled soybean muffins confirmed an increase in temperature from Three to 90C over room temperature and three to 50C over unsupplemented bag temperature. Cotton seed cake addition confirmed much less temperature rise in contrast with comparable doses of soybean cake. The utmost rise in temperature was between the fourth day and the ninth day. Desk-Three: Impact of various doses of cotton seed cake on recent mushroom yield and dry matter of Pleurotus ostreatus var florida.
Substrate used Organic Effectivity (%) % Dry matter content material in 1st and 2nd flush Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 1% 90. Four +18. 94 7. Three 10. 5 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 2. 5% 100. Three +31 . 97 eight. 1 9. 82 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 5. zero% 112. zero +47. 36 7. eight 9. 49 Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 7. 5% 105. Three eight. zero Wheat straw + cotton seed cake 10% 112. Three +47. 7 9. 01 9. zero 9. 28 CDat5% DISCUSSION Though business cultivation of oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp began very late in comparison with Agericus bisporus (1650 A. D. ), Lentinula edodes (1100 A. D. and Auricularia spp (600 A. D. ), it occupies the third place on the earth among the many cultivated mushrooms. Profitable cultivation of oyster mushroom utilizing cereal straw was reported in 1962 by Bano and Srivastava from India. Nonetheless, it isn’t broadly cultivated as a consequence of inconsistent yields. The recent mushroom yield or organic effectivity of a species is instantly associated to pressure, substrate diet and progress situations. Sustainable oyster mushroom manufacturing may be achieved by using cultural practices which optimize and combine nutrient administration.
Agricultural residues used for oyster mushroom farming present a lot of the vitamins and nutritional vitamins for progress. Carbon is available from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin from straw, however nitrogen happens principally in a sure kind and isn’t out there till it’s enzymatically launched. Numerous employees have additionally reported that Pleurotus spp have the potential to repair atmospheric nitrogen (Rangaswamy et. al. 1975, Jandaik and Rangad 1977) however this has not been proved conclusively. Within the cultivation of A. isporus the addition of protein wealthy dietary supplements is a standard observe, which signifies that both the compost is poor in nitrogen or the bacterial proteins current within the compost are insufficient.
Rinker (1989) discovered 37 and 42. 6% extra whole yield in P. ostreatus from supplementation with barley straw with brewer’s grain and 17, 27, 65 and 118% extra yield by addition of alfalfa hay at 5, 10, 20 and 40% (dry wt. foundation). He additionally discovered that supplementation previous to pasteurization elevated the full yield, however mushroom measurement was negatively affected with elevated supplementation. In our research we have now not discovered any vital impact on mushroom measurement. Affect of supplementation can be species and strain-specific.
Somycel 3200 reacted poorly to alfalfa meal and negatively to rooster manure, and Somycel 3001 reacted positively to rice bran and alfalfa meal on the time of filling (Visscher 1989). Upadhyay and Vijay (1989) additionally noticed cotton seed meal as higher complement for P. fossulatus and rice bran for P. ostreatus. Supplementation is completely needed for getting fructification is a few strains of P. eryngii (Royse 1999, Upadhyay and Vijay 1991). With supplementation got here an increase in substrate temperature, presumably as a consequence of sooner metabolic actions riggered by further nitrogen.
Royse and Schisler (1986) additionally noticed overheating (from 300C to 470C) in baggage the place Spawnmate was utilized with out benomyl remedy, and proposed that it could possibly be because of the progress of competitor moulds. GurJar and Doshi (1995) didn’t discover any impact on yield of P. cornucopiae with 5 and seven. 5% addition of soybean meal in wheat straw and assumed this could possibly be as a consequence of an increase in temperature. We recognized will increase within the temperature of beds from 5 to 90C over room temperature. Subsequently, dietary supplements ought to be cautiously used, as a result of extreme mattress temperature (greater than 350C) might kill the mycelium.
OverstiJns (1995) noticed a rise of 19% in mushrooms with the addition of solely zero. 5% corn steep liquor and recorded an increase in temperature from zero. Three, 1. Four and a pair of. 30C with the addition of solely zero. 5, 1 and a pair of% corn steep liquor. Greater complement doses gave even increased temperatures, which had been dangerous and attracted progress of Coprinus sp (Guna segaran and Graham 1987). In A. bisporus, the addition of formaldehyde-pretreated 1 and a pair of% cotton seed meal and soybean meal on the time of casing produced 20 and 30% increased yields respectively, however increased doses of complement attracted a variety of contamination (Gupta and Vijay 1992).
Supplementation has additionally been discovered to facilitate increased mushroom yield in different mushrooms equivalent to Agrocybe aegerita and L. edodes (Zadrazil 1994, Jong 1989). Greater supplementation (Three to Four% w/w) of NPK in rice husk, melon husk and coconut fruit fibers didn’t give both mycelium progress or basidiocarp from the tubers of P. tuberregium (Isikhuemhen and Okhuoya 1998). Supplementation with de-oiled soybean and cotton seed cake not solely gave increased organic effectivity however the fruit our bodies had been considerably heavier than in unsupplemented baggage.
