Architecture as Signs and Systems For a Mannerist TIme
Robert Venturi & Denise Scott Brown
THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS· CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS· LONDON, ENGLAND· 2004
RV: Artwork & Arch e’J’ ,) re Library Washington u:’li /(H’si ty Campus Field 1·,):51 One Brookin1 eight Dr. st. Lgli,s, !.:Zero &:n:W-4S99
DSB:
RV, DSB:
Copyright e 2004 by Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown All rights reserved Printed in Italy
E book Design by Peter Holm, Sterling Hill Productions
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Knowledge
Venturi, Robert. Architecture as and methods: for a mannerist time I Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. p. em. – (The William E. Massey, Sr. lectures within the historical past of American civilization) Contains bibliographical references and index. ISBN Zero-674-01571-1 (alk. paper) 1. Symbolism in structure. 2. Communication in architectural design. I. Scott Brown, Denise, 1931- II. Title. sick. Collection.
NA2500.V45 2004 nO’.I-dc22 200404{)313
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Architecture as Signal relatively than Area New Mannerism relatively than Previous Expressionism
ROBERT VENTURI
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-Four A New Mannerism, for Architecture as Signal
So right here is complexity and contradiction as mannerism, or mannerism as the complexity and contradiction of today-in both case, in the present day it is man nerism, not Modernism.
At the start of the 20 th century, an aesthetic revolution made sense by way of a Trendy architectUre that was a stylistic adaptation of a present vernacular/industrial approach of building-just as within the mid-fif teenth century an aesthetic revolution made sense by way of a Renaissance architectUre that was a stylistic revival of an historical vocabulary, that of Roman structure. On the similar time, within the Modernist fashion an indus trial vocabulary was paradoxically accommodated inside an summary aes thetic, simply as within the Renaissance fashion a pagan/Classical vocabulary was paradoxically accommodated inside an explicitly Christian tradition. And might it now be stated that an aesthetic evolution is sensible on the start ning of the twenty-first century, partaking a mannerist structure developed from the preceeding fashion, that of traditional Modernism-just as an aesthetic evolution made sense within the mid-sixteenth century partaking a mannerist architectUre developed from the preceeding fashion, that of Excessive Renaissance?
In Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture I referred to
a complicated structure, with its attendant contradictions, [as] not solely
a response to the banality or prettiness of present structure. It [can
also represent an] angle widespread in … mannerist intervals [and can
also be] a steady pressure amongst various architects [in history].
At the moment this angle is once more related to each the medium of architec ture and this system in structure. First, the medium of architec
ture have to be re-examined if the elevated scope of our structure as effectively as the complexity of its objectives is to be expressed. Simplified varieties
or superficially complicated varieties won’t work. As an alternative, the range inherent within the ambiguity of visible notion should as soon as extra be
A New Mannerism, for Architecture as Signal I ]three
Jj
74 I Robert Venturi
acknowledged and exploited. Second, the rising complexities of
our useful packages have to be acknowledged. l
In that work, I described, by comparative Assessment, historic examples of mannerist structure, express and implicit, that ac1mowl edge complexity and contradiction of their composition, however I didn’t prescribe a resultant structure for the time. This lack of prescription was famous by Alan Chimacoff and Alan Plattus as constructive of their essay in The Architectural File of September 1983.2 However right here and now, by a reconsideration of complexity and contradiction as it at the moment evolves, I want to prescribe a particular course, if not a style-that of Architecture as Signal-and describe a particular method, that ofmannerism, explicitly acceptable for our time. I shall rely once more right here on analyses of historic examples of mannerist structure and urbanism-plus one instance of our personal work-to confirm and make clear the evolutionary thought of mannerism and the complexity and contradiction it inherently embraces.
WHAT IS MANNERISM?
Mannerism-not found or ac1mowledged as a fashion till the mid nineteenth century-is, in accordance with Nikolaus Pevsner, “certainly filled with mannerisms.”) And it’s by definition exhausting to outline: Arnold Hauser has written, “It may be rightly complained that there isn’t any such factor as a clear and exhaustive definition of mannerism.”Four Shouldn’t be that an acceptable acknowledgment for our personal era-exemplified by multiculUIralism and by applied sciences evolving by leaps and bounds? However right here is my try at a definition of mannerism in structure acceptable for now:
Mannerism as Conference Tweaked-or as Modified Conference
Acknowledging Ambiguity. Mannerism for structure of our time
that acknowledges typical order relatively than authentic expres
sion however breaks the traditional order to accommodate complexity
and contradiction and thereby engages atnbiguity-engages atnbi
guity unatnbiguously. Mannerism as complexity and contradiction
utilized to convention-as acknowledging a typical order that
is then modified or damaged to accommodate legitimate exceptions and
acknowledge unru
a lot and conm
acknowledging a
order so as to be (
These traits acceptable for toda) conference as ordinar
So conference, syst the primary place earlier than racy’s tendency to br<: dence about realizing them persistently. Lat nerist pattern in British
It’s definitely signif nerism happens immedi tion as a fashion was mos right here is a definition of occasions given up on an< definition that does n. our time a bore. Right here that acknowledges and of in the present day (appropriatel)
Lodging
Ambiguity
Boredom
Each-and
Breaks
Chaos
Complexity
Contradiction
Distinction
Conference damaged
Deviations
.~
~ rising complexities of
edged.l
nparative Assessment, historic t and implicit, that acknowl r composition, however I didn’t me. This lack of prescription Ittus as constructive of their essay
1983.2 However right here and now, d contradiction as it currendy :ction, if not a style-that of lC method, that of mannerism, ~ely once more right here on analyses of me and urbanism-plus one larify the evolutionary thought of liction it inherendy embraces.
ISM?
Iged as a fashion till the mid )laus Pevsner, “certainly filled with to outline: Arnold Hauser has
‘it there isn’t any such factor as a m.»Four Shouldn’t be that an acceptable Hfied by multicn1turalism and :lds? However right here is my try at acceptable for now:
Ir as Modified Conference
for structure of our time
-ather than authentic expres
o accommodate complexity
ambiguity-engages ambi
mplexity and contradiction
Ig a typical order that
Iodate legitimate exceptions and
acknowledge unambiguous ambiguities for an evolving period ‘of com
plexity and contradiction-rather than acknowledging no order or
acknowledging a totality of exceptions or acknowledging a new
order so as to be authentic.
These traits are what can distinguish a mannerist method acceptable for in the present day from a N eomodernist . method, which abhors conference as atypical and adores originality as something to be completely different.
So conference, system, order, genericness, manners have to be there within the first place earlier than they are often broken-think of the British aristoc racy’s tendency to interrupt the foundations of etiquette to be able to indicate confi dence about realizing them so effectively and due to this fact ease in not following them consistendy. Later I shall describe what I contemplate a parallel man nerist pattern in British structure all through its historical past.
It’s definitely vital that probably the most vivid manifestation of man nerism happens instantly after the Excessive Renaissance, the place conven tion as a fashion was most express and due to this fact most vividly breakable. So right here is a definition of mannerism the place conference is inherent however at rimes given up on and made thereby exceptionally unconventional-a definition that doesn’t contain originality or revolution, which is for our rime a bore. Right here is a checklist of components of a mannerist structure that acknowledges and accommodates the complexity and contradiction of in the present day (appropriately, in no order besides alphabetical):
Lodging
Ambiguity
Boredom’
Each-and
Breaks
Chaos
Complexity
Contradiction
Distinction
Conference damaged
Deviations
A New Mannerism, for Architecture as Signal I 15 .. -….•-.-“~–…—..- ..—…-.—.- ….- ..•.•.-..-~……–~.
76 I Robert Venturi
Troublesome complete
Discontinuity
Dysfunction
Dissonance
Distortion
Range
Dualities
Dumbness
Eclectic
On a regular basis
Exceptions
Generic damaged
Imbalance
Inconsistency
Incorrect
Inflection
Irony
Jumps in scale Juxtapositions
Layering Which means
Monotony
Naivete
Obscurity
Unusual
Paradox
Pluralism
Pop
Pragmatism
Actuality
Scales (plural)
Sophistication
Syncopation
Rigidity
..,.:;-
Terribilitli
Vernacular
Wit
Wrestling
I refer right here to not tln ture, for instance, which matique inconsistency of which finally ends up as abstra regarding what mannel
Contorted
Extreme
Ideological
Mannered
Minimalist
Picturesque
Well mannered
Willful
There are two sorts acknowledged: Specific three..J ular fashion of a explicit Italy in its purest and pre, be pure-and spelled the spelled with a small m, re: in various historic eras both naive or sophisticat
Specific Mannerism is , Giulio Romano, acknowl€ However it additionally embraces the ar. Implicit mannerism I additionally teristic of a lot English : Lutyens–or was he explic structure, from Glouce:
“lI’-”
Terribilicl
Vernacular WIt
Wrestling
I refer right here to not the overall inconsistency of latest Decon architec ture, for instance, which finally ends up as whole consistency, and to not the dra matique inconsistency of present Neomodern structure, for instance, which finally ends up as summary sculpture. So right here is a additional checklist of notes regarding what mannerism will not be:
Contorted Extreme
Ideological Mannered Minimalist
Picturesque Well mannered Willful
There are two sorts of mannerism in structure that may be acknowledged: Specific and Implicit. Specific may discuss with the partic ular fashion of a explicit interval, that of the mid-sixteenth century in Italy in its purest and predominant form-to the extent mannerism may be pure-and spelled due to this fact with a capital M. Implicit mannerism, spelled with a small m, refers to what may be known as traces of mannerism in various historic eras and various locations and may be interpreted as both n:ilve or refined in its manifestation.
Specific Mannerism is exemplified within the sixteenth-century work of Giulio Romano, acknowledged as tbe Mannerist architect by historians. However it additionally embraces the architectural work ofMichelangelo and Palladio. Implicit mannerism I additionally discover to be an everlasting and endearing charac teristic of a lot English structure, from Late Gothic to Sir Edwin Lutyens–or was he express? For this reason I am keen on and be taught from English structure, from Gloucester Cathedral to Lutyens’ manor homes.
A New Mannerism. for Architecture as Signal I 77
123. Hardwick Corridor, Chesterfield, England.
125,126. Sir Christopher
Wren’s st. Paul’s Cathedral, London.
signage on the scale of biJ
naive or refined? Is
Longleat Home, Montae
• Inigo Jones’ St. Paul’s, C
temple, whose incorrect
• Saint (relatively than Sir) C whose final Baroque
incorrect/ambiguous pel
And Saint Stephen’s Wa:
bine conference and oril
122. Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, England.
124. Inigo Jones’ St. Paul’s Church, Covent Backyard, London.
78 I Robert Venturi
IMPLICIT MANNERISM: EXAMPLES
What I’m describing as a mannerism to evolve by way of complexity and con tradiction for our time is extra on the express aspect than the implicit
side-it is extra capital M-oriented than small m. However I shall first overview some historic examples of implicit mannerist precedent in England that
I’ve subjectively chosen-many of which had been illustrated as examples of complexity and contradiction in Complexity and Contradiction:
• Gloucester Cathedral, whose buttresses expressed throughout the partitions
of the nave are primarily structural and horrendously incorrect,
throughout the hyper-rational architectural order that’s Gothic.
• The structure of most Elizabethan and Jacobean manor homes,
whose tense compositions embrace bearing partitions that consist largely
of window openings, as effectively as compositional dualities, iconographic
: EXAMPLES
;:volve by way of complexity and con
express aspect than the implicit ;mall m. However I shall first overview
erist precedent in England that ::h had been illustrated as examples
exity and Contradiction:
expressed throughout the partitions
. horrendously incorrect,
,rder that’s Gothic.
I Jacobean manor homes, 19 partitions that consist mosdy
onal dualities, iconographic
125,126, Sir Christopher 127. Sir Christopher Wren’sSt. Stephen’s Walbrook,
Wren’s St. Paul’s London. Cathedral, London.
signage on the scale of billboards, and stylistic ambiguities. Are they
naive or refined? Is that this Late Gothic or Early Renaissance, as at
Longleat Home, Montacute Home, Hardwick Corridor, Hatfield Home?
• Inigo Jones’ St. Paul’s, Covent Backyard, an cute church as a
temple, whose incorrect Classical proportions create elegant pressure.
• Saint (relatively than Sir) Christopher Wren: viva St. Paul’s Cathedral,
whose final Baroque dome and drum are supported by a type of
incorrect/ambiguous pendentives inside (naive and refined?)!
And Saint Stephen’s Walbrook, whose related configurations com
bine conference and originality to create pressure!
A New Mannerism, for Archiceccure as Signal I 79
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128. Nicholas Hawksmoor’s Christ Church, Spltalfields, 129. Nicholas Hawksmoor’s St. George’s, Bloomsbury, London. London.
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• The fu~ade of Nichola~
a fu~de or is it a tower
rical classical temple bu
• Sir John Vanbrugh’s B first day in Europe. 01
or a dilatory pediment
• Sir John Soane’s arche~
hanging relatively than su
Related analyses can bt their vocabularies however vaL masters like that of Will and Lutyens. And will express Mannerists?
Different examples-not E small m:
• The longitudinal eleva!
Francesco Borrornini’s :
of the Palazzo di Propa
pose dualities which are t of the corridor as they spati:
• Luigi Moretti’s Casa del
tion of Rome, by way of the dl
it one constructing or two ? J
inflection atop every of il
• The plans of Guarino C
Immaculate Conception
Vaccaro’s San Gregorio
every composes without delay {
• Alvar Aalto’s church in, ‘
involving a typical
effectively as contradictory lay
130. Sir John Vanbrugh’s Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, England 131. Sir John Soane’s Home and Museum, London.
80 I Robert Venturi
lrge’s, Bloomsbury, London.
4useum, London.
• The fa<;ade of Nicholas Hawksmoor’s Christ Church, Spitalfields: is it
a fa<;ade or is it a tower? Or his St. George’s, Bloornsbury-a symmet
rical classical temple however with its big tower midway down one aspect.
• Sir John Vanbrugh’s Blenheim Palace, a constructing I visited on my
first day in Europe. On its entrance fac;ade: is that a damaged pediment
or a dilatory pediment?
• Sir John Soane’s arches inside his home and museum, that are
hanging relatively than supported.
Related analyses may be made in regards to the work-not authentic of their vocabularies however legitimate for his or her rnaimerist quality-of different British masters like that of William Butterfield, Charles Rennie Waterproof coat, and Lutyens. And will or not it’s argued that a few of these Brits had been express Mannerists?
Different examples-not British-that evoke implicit mannerism with a small m:
• The longimdinal elevations of the inside of
Francesco Borrornini’s Baroque chapel of I Re Magi
of the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide, whose piers com
pose dualities which are then mollified by the corners
of the corridor as they spatially evolve.
• Luigi Moretti’s Casa del Girasole within the Parioli sec
tion of Rome, by way of the duality of its entrance elevation: is
it one constructing or two? Most likely one, due to the
inflection atop every of its two segments.
• The plans of Guarino Guarini’s Church of the
Immaculate Conception in Turin and Giuseppe
Vaccaro’s San Gregorio Barbarigo in Rome, the place
every composes without delay dualities and wholes.
• Alvar Aalto’s church in, Vuoksenniska, close to Irnatra,
involving a typical however asymmetrical nave as
effectively as contradictory layers inside. 132, 133. Francesco Borromini’s I Re Magi chapel, Rome.
A New Mannerism , for Archicecrure as Signal I 81
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135. Guarino Guarini’s Church of the Immaculate Conception. Turin, Italv.
134. Luigi Moretti’s Casa del Girasc
136. Giuseppe Vaccaro’s San Gregorio Barbarigo, Rome.
82 1 Robert Vemuri
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137, 138. Alvar Aalto’s church in Vuoksenniska, Imatta, Finland.
A New Mannerism. for Architecture as Si9n I 83
134. Luigi Moretti’s Casa del Girasole, Rome.
140. Cathedral, Cefalu, Sicily.
139. Church of the Jacobins, Toulouse, France.
141. McKim, Mead & White’s Low Home, Bristol, Rhode Island.
84 I Robert Venturi
• The Gothic church of tl
columns/piers marching
it an instance par exceUt
• The mosaic determine of C
Cefalu-it is eloquently
• The slopes of the pedin
of McKim, Mead & Wl
the lengthy elevations and
however the home as iconic:
• And the work of Frank
as within the Pennsylvania j
Financial institution for the Republic i
demolished-for being
• And Armando Brasini’s
Santissima in Rome, fu1
dynamic classical comp!
its identify is simply too lengthy.
• And eventually the final word
Tokyo itself, whose aest
demolitions and its evol
exemplary metropolis of todayl
and.
• The Gothic church of the Jacobins in Toulouse, whose row of
columns/piers marching mysteriously up the middle of the nave make
it an instance par excellence of duality-and of ambiguous magnificence.
• The mosaic determine of Christ within the apse of the cathedral in
Cefalu-it is eloquently too huge.
• The slopes of the pedirnented roof of the Low Home, an early work
of McKim, Mead & “White in Bristol, Rhode Island, which happen on
the lengthy elevations and due to this fact on the “fallacious” sides of the home,
however the home as iconic shelter is thereby eloquently enhanced.
• And the work of Frank Furness, teeming with ambiguous dualities,
as within the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fantastic Arts and the Nationwide
Financial institution for the Republic in Philadelphia. A lot of his different work was
demolished-for being mannerist?
• And Armando Brasini’s Church of the Cuore Irnmacolato di Maria
Santissirna in Rome, filled with “too muches” and “too littles” in its
dynamic classical composition inside and out-not to say that
its identify is simply too lengthy.
• And eventually the final word instance of mannerist urbanism-the metropolis of
Tokyo itself, whose aesthetic of chaos derives from its revolutionary
demolitions and its evolutionary multiculturalism, making it an
exemplary metropolis of in the present day!
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142. Frank Furness’s Pennsylvania Academy of FIne Arts, Philadelphia.
143. Frank Furness’s Nationwide Financial institution of the Republic, Philadelphia.
144. Armando Brasini’s Church of the Cuore Immacolato di Maria Santissima, Rome.
A New Mannerism, {or Architecrure as Signal I 85
EXPLICIT MANNERISM: EXAMPLES
Listed here are some historic examples of express Mannerist precedent that I contemplate related and that “flip me on”-many of which additionally had been
illustrated as examples of complexity and contradiction in Complexity and Contradiction.
To start with, the architectural work of Michelangelo, whom I like probably the most and be taught probably the most from, and whose architectural work within the six
teenth century, together with Palladio’s, I contemplate explicitly Mannerist. I can discuss with the rear fa<;ade of St. Peter’s, with its grand scale confinned and but humanized by the peak of its false attic home windows, which
matches that of the capitals of the adjoining pilasters; to the Laurentian Library, whose inside pilasters are columns individually niched inside
145, 146. Michelangelo’s 5t. Peter’s, Rome.
86 I Robert Venturi
the wall and whose vestibu
to the fa<;ades of the facu by their large and mil humane monumentality; to every of whose aspect partitions as area by implication expan( ceived as greater than it’s small area; to the Porta Pi
EXAMPLES
licit Mannerist precedent that l”-many of which additionally had been :l contradiction in Complexity
fichelangelo, whom I like the . architectural work within the six msider explicitly Mannerist. I with its grand scale confirmed s false attic home windows, which
nt pilasters; to the Laurentian OIlS individually niched inside
147, 148. Michelangelo’s Laurentian Library, Florence.
the wall and whose vestibule is a room and a staircase on the similar time;
to the fa~ades of the going through buildings of the Capitoline Hill, which, by their large and minor orders, glorify vagaries of scale and create
humane monumentality; to the Sforza Chapel in Santa Maria Maggiore, every of whose aspect partitions as a area of interest, by way of its big radius in plan, makes the
area by implication broaden past itself, and the area is due to this fact per ceived as greater than it’s and due to this fact as a monumental as effectively as a small area; to the Porta Pia, with its various combos of scales and
A New Mannerism , for Architecture as Si9n I 87
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153, 154. Michelangelo’s Porta Pia, Rome.
symbols and distorted com of my controversial e-book c
After which there’s Palla( architectural good manne Mannerism by way of his palaces a Mannerist interval. How entrance fa~ade of the gloriou: outlined not by the macho defines the everyday rhythm small-scale elements-a m
and a statue in reduction as a 1 all however one of many 5 OF smaller in dimension than the until to the three tales of the relatively than extra delicate reversing this conference i
155. Andrea Palladio’s Palazzo Valmaran
90 I Robert Venturi
symbols and distorted conventions of vocabulary, illustrated on the duvet of my controversial e-book of thirty-eight years in the past.
After which there’s Palladio, identified all through historical past extra for his architectural good manners by way of his writings and his villas than for his Mannerism by way of his palaces and church buildings. However to me he’s a Mannerist in a Mannerist interval. How else are you able to acknowledge the nook of the entrance fa<;ade of the wonderful Palazzo Valmarana in Vicenza, whose bay is outlined not by the macho pilaster of the enormous order that persistently defines the everyday rhythmic bay of the remainder of the fa<;ade however by a number of small-scale elements-a minor-order pilaster on the floor flooring degree and a statue in reduction as a type of caryatid on the piano nobile degree. Additionally, all however one of many 5 openings vertically composed on this bay are smaller in dimension than the three openings of the everyday bays that confonn to the three tales of the remainder of the fa<;ade. Corners are normally much less relatively than extra delicate in wall-bearing fa<;ades-and the impact of reversing this conference is haunting.
s. GIORGI O M …. GGI ORE . A. PALL AD IO. 1566 – 1610 IL REDENTORE. VENEZIA. 1576
155. Andrea Palladio’s Palazzo Valmarana, Vicenza. 156. Andrea Palladio’s San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice. 157. Andrea Palladio’s /I Redentore, Venice.
A New Mannerism, for Arch itecture as Signal I 9 J
92 I Robert Venturi
After which there are the entrance fa~ades of two of Palladia’s church buildings in Venice-San Giorgio Maggiore and n Redentore-teerning with com plexities and contradictions which are legitimate. In every case right here is a Christian church whose inside relies on a Roman basilica (a regulation court docket) and whose exterior relies on a Roman temple–or is it a juxtaposition of temples? And the mixture of basilica and temple(s) makes for fantastically bizarre juxtapositions and layerings on the entrance, the place all sides of the basilican fa~ade turns into a bisected fragment of a pedimented temple and the place the
buttresses of the inside vault turn into other forms of fragments of temple pediments. After which the temple’s entrance columns turn into pilasters of var
ious scales on a wall, and the doorway turns into one other little temple fa~de juxtaposed upon the middle. After which the best way that a few of these components,
involving varieties, symbols, and scales, hit the bottom, combining bases, no bases, and steps, makes for different components of architectural marvel in a Mannerist period-the Italian sixteenth century!
158. Conventional Japanese inside. 159. Japanese Buddhist Temple.
MANNERIST ARCHIT
TOMORROW’S MULTI
AN ARCHITECTURE
A mannerist architecl Japan-whose histori malism, exemplified
shipped and promote additionally Buddhist campI.
ignored by Modernis there’s not solely a mi dictory aesthetic-no explicitly symbolic ae~
A mannerist archit from Tokyo-a metropolis a order. So we go from rebuilt within the final
grandeur and evoluti
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160. “Studying From Tokyo.”
