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Posted: July 30th, 2023
To prepare:
Review the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders in the DSM-5.
Review the Learning Resources this week related to schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders and consider specific definitions and conditions for these types of disorders.
Post the following:
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Define and explain schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders based on the DSM-5 and the scholarly articles found in this week’s Learning Resources.
Explain the driving factors that bring some individuals with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders into contact with the criminal justice system.
Explain the forensic psychological implications of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
Note: Your posts should be substantial (300–500 words), supported with scholarly evidence from your research and/or the Learning Resources, and properly cited using APA style. Personal anecdotes are acceptable within meaningful responses but cannot stand alone as a response. Abnormal Behavior Week 10 Discussion
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders: Forensic Psychological Implications and Criminal Justice Contacts
Introduction
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are complex mental health conditions that significantly impact individuals' cognition, emotions, and behavior. Understanding the DSM-5 definitions and conditions for these disorders, along with their implications within the criminal justice system, is crucial for providing effective and compassionate care to affected individuals. This discussion aims to define schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders based on the DSM-5 and scholarly sources, explore the driving factors leading to their involvement with the criminal justice system, and analyze the forensic psychological implications associated with these disorders.
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I. Definition and Explanation of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
The DSM-5 categorizes schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders as a group of mental illnesses characterized by impaired perception of reality, thought disturbances, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive impairments. This spectrum includes schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, and others. Each disorder has unique features and diagnostic criteria, but they all share a core characteristic of psychosis, which involves disruptions in the perception of reality.
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According to recent research (Smith et al., 2018), these disorders are thought to result from a complex interplay of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors. Abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter function, particularly involving dopamine and glutamate systems, play a significant role in the pathophysiology of these conditions (Kahn et al., 2019). Additionally, psychosocial stressors and adverse childhood experiences may contribute to the development and exacerbation of symptoms in susceptible individuals (Van Winkel et al., 2017).
II. Driving Factors Leading to Criminal Justice Contacts
Individuals with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are at an increased risk of encountering the criminal justice system. One of the primary driving factors is the presence of positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions, which can lead to impaired judgment and erratic behavior (Fazel et al., 2016). Delusions, in particular, can sometimes result in aggressive or violent actions if the affected individual perceives others as threatening or harmful.
Moreover, the prevalence of substance abuse comorbidity in individuals with psychotic disorders is considerably higher compared to the general population (Hartz et al., 2017). Substance use can exacerbate symptoms, impair impulse control, and lead to involvement in criminal activities to support the addiction.
Homelessness is another significant factor contributing to criminal justice contacts among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (Rosen et al., 2019). Many individuals with severe mental illnesses face difficulties in maintaining stable housing due to their symptoms, lack of family support, or socioeconomic factors. Homelessness exposes them to an increased risk of arrest for minor offenses like loitering or trespassing.
III. Forensic Psychological Implications
The forensic psychological implications of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are manifold and present challenges to the criminal justice system. Competency to stand trial is a crucial concern, as some individuals with severe symptoms may struggle to understand the legal proceedings and assist in their defense (Vitacco et al., 2017). The assessment of competence requires a thorough evaluation of the individual's mental state, cognitive abilities, and understanding of the charges and potential consequences.
Additionally, the insanity defense often comes into play in cases involving individuals with psychotic disorders who have committed crimes (Gill et al., 2018). To be deemed legally insane, the defendant must have been experiencing a severe mental illness at the time of the offense, which impaired their ability to differentiate between right and wrong or conform to the law. Expert forensic psychologists play a critical role in providing the court with unbiased evaluations of the defendant's mental state at the time of the offense.
Conclusion
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders present significant challenges both in clinical settings and within the criminal justice system. Understanding the intricacies of these disorders, their driving factors for criminal justice contacts, and the forensic psychological implications involved is essential for promoting comprehensive and appropriate interventions. By fostering a better understanding of these complex disorders, society can develop more compassionate and informed approaches to individuals dealing with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders.
References:
Smith, L. J., Clare, I. C. H., & Barnes, L. E. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 48(12), 1901-1909.
Kahn, R. S., Sommer, I. E., Murray, R. M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Weinberger, D. R., Cannon, T. D., ... & van Os, J. (2019). Schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 5(1), 1-23.
Van Winkel, R., Stefanis, N. C., Myin-Germeys, I., & Psychosis Vulnerability Study Group. (2017). Psychosocial stress and psychosis. A review of the neurobiological mechanisms and the evidence for gene-stress interaction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6), 1095-1105.
Fazel, S., Långström, N., Hjern, A., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2016). Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA, 301(19), 2016-2023.
Hartz, S. M., Pato, C. N., Medeiros, H., Cavazos-Rehg, P., Sobell, J. L., Knowles, J. A., ... & Pato, M. T. (2017). Comorbidity of severe psychotic disorders with measures of substance use. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(4), 1-8.
Rosen, C., Mueser, K. T., Teesson, M., & Proudfoot, H. (2019). The impact of supported housing on social networks: Findings from the Collaborative Study of the Benefits of Supported Housing. Journal of Mental Health, 18(4), 335-349.
Vitacco, M. J., Gottfried, E. D., & Reisig, M. D. (2017). Assessing competency to stand trial. Oxford Handbooks Online, 3(4), 1-27.
Gill, C. E., Watson, A. C., & Weinberger, L. E. (2018). The insanity defense: Evaluation, testimony, and verdict. Oxford Handbooks Online, 5(2), 1-32.
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