Description: Most popular language type: English (U.S.). Every scholar will full a 15–20 web page paper during which they’ll talk about present points dealing with adolescents in the present day and the way a counselor ought to cope with these areas. The paper should be in APA type with a minimal of 15 present references (inside 5 years). This paper is to be 15-20 pages in size, and which means the physique of the paper itself -not the title web page, summary, and many others…The subject is Adolescent Sexuality: PREVENTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY.

Adolescent Sexuality: PREVENTION OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY
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Adolescent Sexuality: Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy

Summary: One of the most common issues confronted by teenagers within the a number of nations, has been the difficulty of teenage being pregnant. Though, the charges of teenage being pregnant are lowering, there are nonetheless a number of issues related to the difficulty. As teenage being pregnant is usually a big social concern and most of them don’t want a baby, such pregnancies can create a destructive influence on the standard of life of the teenage couple.

The rise in teenage being pregnant has been as a consequence of a number of points together with sooner onset of maturity, higher events of premarital intercourse, and many others. In addition to, teenage being pregnant is normally not most well-liked as a consequence of a number of points equivalent to higher charges of defects within the creating youngster, higher quantity of maternal issues, social considerations, difficulties of the mom in mentioning the kid, and many others. In all circumstances, efforts must be made to Help the pregnant teenage woman quite than ignore her.

A teenage being pregnant prevention program ought to look into a number of areas that embody youngsters together with profession improvement, training, STD’s, contraception, counseling, drug abuse, ladies’s well being, and many others. It ought to contain a number of events together with the mother and father, politicians, social staff, youngster and ladies teams, NGO’s, and many others. The 2 methods which are utilized steadily embody abstinence and contraception. Research have proven that school-based prevention program had been profitable in lowering the charges of being pregnant amongst teenagers. Efforts must be on to incorporate all the society within the teenage being pregnant prevention program.

There are a number of components that will trigger the teenager to take pleasure in irresponsible sexual habits together with social components, psychological components, household components, and many others. The advisors ought to at all times attempt to embody the mother and father, household and all the society within the prevention applications. If abstinence-based applications appear to be troublesome, then the contraception-based applications could appear to be efficient. The counselor could need to comply with a holistic strategy in fixing the issues of the teenagers. The counselor ought to decide the traits of the teenagers and accordingly use these traits to encourage them additional. Teenagers whose educational efficiency is superior could seem to realize extra from being pregnant prevention applications.

The teenage being pregnant program also needs to have a look at varied points that encompass youngsters together with STD’s, contraceptives, drug abuse, careers, increased training, and many others. It is usually essential that the teenage being pregnant prevention program helps being pregnant teenage ladies to high quality life with none issues. They need to be taught find out how to deal with the social and household stress that will develop ensuing from undesirable being pregnant. It’s important that the teenage program contain the youngsters. The US HHS and the CDC have proven loads of curiosity within the teenage being pregnant applications in recent times.

In creating nations, the charges of teen being pregnant are on the rise. However, within the developed nations such because the US and Canada, the charges of teenage pregnancies are lowering as a consequence of higher consciousness ranges. Within the US, about 97 per each 1000 teenage ladies (normally between the ages of 15 to 19 years) get pregnant every year. Most of these pregnancies (about three-quarters) are normally not needed. Throughout the years 1999-2000, the charges of teenage pregnancies have dropped. The charges of teenage pregnancies are about 28 %, and the speed of teenage childbirths is about 21 %. There could also be a number of causes for teenage pregnancies (Weiss, 2000 & Huberman, 2005). These embody: –
1. Women are maturing sooner, now between the ages of 12 to 13 years.
2. Teenage intercourse is quite common. Earlier than the woman reaches maturity within the US, about 80 % of them would have had intercourse.
three. Youngsters are much less more likely to take precautions with the intention to stop being pregnant.
four. Youngsters should not conscious of the reproductive issues that may develop throughout the being pregnant interval (Weiss, 2000).

Teenage being pregnant can have critical penalties and implications (Weiss, 2000). These embody: –
1. A number of issues equivalent to miscarriage, neonatal demise, stillborn child, maternal illness, and many others are increased in teenage ladies than in pregnant ladies.
2. Youngsters born from teenage ladies have a number of issues together with developmental issues, congential defects, low beginning weight, neglect, youngster abuse, and many others.
three. Socially, teenage being pregnant shouldn’t be accepted.
four. The teenage mom is extra probably to not take care of the kid. She is extra more likely to smoke, devour extreme alcohol, topic the infant to abuse, and many others.
5. The federal government has to spend an enormous quantity to resolve the issues associated to teenage pregnancies. These embody public well being issues, housing, help, childcare, authorized points (Weiss, 2000).

Teenage being pregnant prevention applications ought to have a particular targets and objectives. Research have proven that from earlier teenage pregnancies that the Socio-economic life, commonplace of residing, and many others, can be very poor following teenage being pregnant. As it’s one of the key public well being considerations, the politicians ought to take up the difficulty on a precedence foundation. It’s important that the teenage mother and father be supported quite than being ignored. The principle objectives of any teenage being pregnant program are to: –

1. To deliver down the teenage being pregnant charges by a minimum of 50 % by the 12 months 2010 (that is an goal of the Wholesome Folks 2010).
2. To incorporate the youngsters themselves in this system in order that the initiatives made come from this group of the inhabitants itself. Youngsters must be educated, educated and employed within the teenage welfare applications. Particular emphasis must be made on specializing in the teenage being pregnant prevention.
three. The teenage being pregnant prevention applications also needs to concentrate on different areas together with drug abuse, gynecological points, profession improvement, counseling, and many others. This could be certain that all-round the teenager is given consideration.
four. Voluntary providers must be oriented in the direction of understanding teenage habits and altering them with the intention to result in higher attitudes and practices.
5. A number of stakeholders together with the politicians, authorities, judiciary, social welfare teams, public, ladies’s teams, and many others, must be concerned in these applications.
6. Efforts must be organized on the nationwide, regional and the native ranges with the intention to Help youngsters to develop acceptable attitudes and behaviors in the direction of teenage pregnancies.
7. Adoption of higher prevention methods equivalent to intercourse training, contraception, avoiding the chance components, and many others.
eight. Supporting the youngsters and their mother and father in order to Help them develop a very good future. Additionally, to make sure that the youngsters get acceptable Help in problematic conditions.
9. Guaranteeing that the pregnant teen mom is given particular consideration throughout the being pregnant interval. This could be certain that each the mom and the creating youngster is wholesome and is ready to get acceptable medical consideration. Many might imagine that in a teenage being pregnant prevention program, the problems regarding the being pregnant interval needn’t be thought-about. Nevertheless, this must be an space of focus, as it might Help to stop additional issues (Clean, 2003).

The Authorities has begun to incorporate teenage being pregnant prevention applications as one of the precedence areas for the social trigger. Initially, the federal government had loads of issues related to these applications. Nevertheless, following a couple of preliminary hiccups, these applications have turned out to profit the youngsters and their households in creating a fruitful life.

One of the applications meant for teenage being pregnant prevention program is the Faculty Well being Insurance policies and Packages Research 2006 or SHPPS 2006. It’s mainly carried out to check the assorted well being applications and insurance policies conduced on the classroom stage. within the 12 months 2000, about 45 % of the states belonging to varied center faculties taught about being pregnant prevention, and within the 12 months 2006 it elevated to about 59%. With relation to excessive faculties, this determine comparable. The quantity of hours spent instructing on being pregnant prevention additionally diverse in excessive, center and elementary faculties. In excessive faculties it was three.5 hours, 2.7 in center faculties and 1.three in elementary faculties. In excessive faculties, 2.zero lecturers had been required to show about being pregnant prevention within the 12 months 2000, which elevated to 2.6 within the 12 months 2006.

About 38 % of the districts and about 20 % of the states offered about being pregnant prevention providers. These providers had been both offered on a one to at least one foundation or on a bunch foundation. About 28.four % of the district authority offered for providers on the native property quite than on the colleges property. About 97 % of the colleges offered for being pregnant prevention.

About 28.7 % of the colleges offered for being pregnant prevention applications by way of association from exterior organizations. The quantity of employees members who acquired coaching additionally diverse. About 30.6 % of the employees had coaching on being pregnant prevention, 17 % had coaching on prenatal care and 14 % had coaching in childcare, 2 years earlier than this system began. 20 % of the psychiatric service employees had coaching in being pregnant prevention and 13 % had coaching in youngster care (SHPPS, 2006).

Presently, there are a number of points, which could possibly be chargeable for selling teenage being pregnant prevention. Many of the teenage prevention applications might not be profitable, as they don’t contain the society as an entire. This system technique could also be such that it lacks some quantity of actuality resulting in a failure. Therefore, the social blanket wanted for this system to be successful must be higher. Furstenberg considers that the battle current on sexuality must be resolved particularly the cultural and the political tendencies. Because the attitudes and habits of the society in the direction of teenage pregnancies has not been corrected to date, it could be troublesome to regulate teenage being pregnant. Therefore, strategies adopted to stop being pregnant could be adopted. The intervening variables embody: –

1. Controlling age of entry to the sexual unions – There was a dramatic improve within the quantity of youngsters who’ve intercourse earlier than the wedding. Within the 1950’s and the 1960’s, this determine was about 10 %, and within the 1970’s and the 1980’s this determine was 20 %. There could possibly be many causes for this together with peer pressures, lack of stress from the house, pattern in relationship, and many others. There was additionally an increase within the circumstances of venereal ailments affecting the teenage inhabitants. Many a occasions, the teenage inhabitants shouldn’t be uncovered to household or parental discussions on intercourse and childbearing. This has created even higher quantity of issues.

Household discussions normally create wholesome practices and attitudes. Research performed in faculties on teenage girls and boys demonstrated that household instructing had an amazing position. When household opposition was current with none variety of Help or understanding, the youngsters indulged in sexual exercise. One essential truth to notice was that it was not at all times true when there was a rise within the teenage sexual exercise, there can be a rise within the teenage being pregnant charges. Within the 12 months 1979, there was a rise by about 50 % within the charges of intercourse in teenage ladies. Nevertheless, there was additionally an increase in 50 % within the contraceptive use. Research have proven that use of contraceptives at all times didn’t Help to stop being pregnant, and therefore one thing extra was required (Kohli, 2007).

2. Contraception use – Research performed within the US and the Western European area demonstrated that though the teenage sexual exercise charges had been comparable in each the areas, the speed of teenage being pregnant charges had been increased within the US in comparison with the Western European area. One of the principle causes as to why teenage ladies change into pregnant is that they don’t stress upon the necessity to use a contraceptive. Some youngsters really feel that they aren’t sexually energetic and really feel that they’d not want a contraceptive. Youngsters would additionally not prefer to make long-term choices about their life.

They might behave in an immature and irresponsible manner as a consequence of their younger age. Youngsters could at all times really feel shy of buying a contraceptive. They might additionally not take into account the chance of getting pregnant as actual and should not use their information to Help stop the being pregnant. Many ladies worry that they’d be dropping a boy good friend as a consequence of rejection if they didn’t have intercourse with him. This sort of worry has result in a number of issues. In true truth, it has been seen that ladies normally favor long-term relationships and boys favor short-term relationships. Most boys would don’t know of contraception and being pregnant, and would normally go away it as much as the feminine to stop herself from getting pregnant (Kohli, 2007).

three. Use of abortion
four. Use of adoption

Psychological components related to teenage being pregnant – Most of the teenage ladies don’t intent to have a baby throughout their teenage interval as a consequence of a spread of components together with the necessity to develop and develop academically, social components, and many others. Solely a small proportion of youngsters wish to have an toddler and enhance their mission in life. The bringing of a baby would additionally improve the connection and the bonding to their boyfriends. Teenage being pregnant would additionally enhance the possibilities of turning into impartial, entering into their motherhood, and many others. Nevertheless, the psychological issues created by teenage being pregnant are extra usually destructive.

It creates a way of low shallowness. Youngsters who change into pregnant might not be given the identical quantity of respect and esteem as earlier than. That is primarily because of the engagement in intercourse. These psychological pressures would invariable result in poor educational performances. Poor efficiency in teachers could in flip create loads of psychological stress for the teenager and should result in irresponsible sexual habits. If the sexual habits is accountable and if the kid was clever and understanding, it was discovered that the tutorial file was additionally good (Kohli, 2007).

Household Elements – Household communication holds a significant key in serving to stop teenage being pregnant. The mom and the daughter want to carry very important discussions on how ought to teenage being pregnant are prevented. The teenage woman would use contraception sometimes and incorrectly if not suggested by the mom. Within the different facet, essential discussions between the daddy and the son would maintain the important thing to accountable sexual habits of the male youngsters. The mother and father and the kid must invariable dialogue about sex-related points. This will surely stop something untoward from occurring. Often, it was discovered that the sexual habits of the mother and father didn’t have an essential position to play in allowing the kid to have intercourse.

Sons had been much less more likely to comply with the parental recommendation on intercourse than the daughters. Dad and mom, who had been pleasant and attentive in the direction of their youngsters, resulted within the youngsters turning into much less sexually energetic. If the mother and father take up the difficulty of contraception and sexual exercise with the teenager at a younger age, then the possibilities of the kid staying near the mother and father is excessive. Research have proven that even when the mother and father approves of the kid’s sexual apply by way of non-verbal means, the possibilities of creating wholesome sexual habits was excessive. In conventional households, the possibilities of having a binding daughter had been increased, than the son. If the mom was a homemaker, the possibilities of the daughter sticking to the mom’s recommendation had been increased.

It was discovered that within the males, peer involvement had a good higher position to play than household components. It’s because boys could not wish to talk about any sexual concern with the father or mother and as an alternative favor to debate it with the chums. Boys could solely wish to talk about sexual points with people of the identical age and belonging to the identical intercourse. Any dangerous firm would create irresponsible sexual habits.

However, with regards to ladies, they’re extra usually affected by the recommendation of the male teenager than with the recommendation of their feminine pals. When a single father or mother existed at house, the possibilities of creating irresponsible sexual habits was increased. Sexual abuse and issues within the household, was extra more likely to be chargeable for undesired sexual habits within the teen. The teenager was probably to not give significance to self. Teenager who beforehand suffered from sure psychological problems or those that had been concerned in crime had been at a higher probability of turning into pregnant (Kohli, 2007).

Social components – Youngsters belonging to sure social teams are extra probably to not take pleasure in sexual exercise or use contraception as a imply to stop being pregnant. It’s normally seen that in restrictive societies, the possibilities of turning into pregnant throughout the teenage interval are lesser. That is because of the restrictions positioned by the households on the kid to avoid intercourse. Socio-economic standing additionally performs an essential position in serving to to stop getting pregnant. Hispanics and different sexual minorities as a consequence of their decrease Socio-economic backgrounds are much less more likely to obtain sexual recommendation from house and from faculty. They might additionally lack medical amenities and contraception (Kohli, 2007).

A counselor conducting teenage prevention applications ought to use varied strategies to stop the teenage woman from turning into pregnant. Some of essentially the most steadily utilized strategies of stopping teenage being pregnant embody use of contraception and abstaining from intercourse. The counselor wants to make sure that each these strategies are used both alone or together with each other, relying on the scenario (Kohli, 2007).

Youngsters who belong to societies, that are having strict sexual code, would love the youngsters to not take pleasure in sexual exercise. There could pressures from the household, faculty and society for the teenager to abstain from intercourse. The youngsters could also be instructed to delay all sexual relationships till marriage. In such a circumstance, the counsellor must create attitudes and behaviors within the teenager in order that they’d delay all sexual exercise till maturity. One of the legal guidelines developed within the 12 months 1996 was the Welfare reform legislation and this gave beginning to the event of the Abstinence training program.

Federal funds had been being utilized in such a program to counsel and educate the youngsters of premarital intercourse and the necessity to abstain from it. Yearly about 50 million dollars was spent on this system. A number of actions had been an element of this system. The HRSA developed a community-based abstinence program within the 12 months 2001. Federal funds had been utilized to teach the general public about premarital intercourse. In addition they performed teaching programs for college students between the ages of 12 to 18 years. Greater than 20 million dollars was being spend yearly on such applications (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002).

The counselor would have a task to play along with that of the household. He ought to work in shut affiliation with the household and the school-based actions. Often, the counselor can be advising the varsity of the elevated must have school-based intercourse training courses. Some mother and father could not need their youngsters to have school-based intercourse training courses and as an alternative favor to offer them recommendation personally. In such circumstances, it’s the responsibility of the counselor to advise the mother and father of the significance of such actions. In youngsters it’s discovered that abstinence-based program could also be troublesome to stop them from indulging in sexual exercise, however would positively Help to stop them from indulging in sexual exercise till the age of 18 years (Kohli, 2007 & USHHS, 2002d).

As teenage being pregnant has a number of components accountable, this system to achieve success and efficient must undertake a holistic strategy to resolve the issue. One of the problems that the counselor must emphasis on is the necessity to proceed training and literary to a better stage. Youngsters having increased mental capability usually tend to get motivated and proceed with training on a long run.

Some youngsters may like the difficulty of getting employed and standing on one’s personal toes. It’s discovered that such college students usually tend to comply with the advise of the counselor and reply. The counselor ought to constantly encourage the teenager to make use of contraceptive throughout sexual actions or if attainable to abstain from intercourse (Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).

The counselor also needs to use the household as a task mannequin to make sure that the teenager adopts wholesome sexual practices. The teenager must be satisfied concerning the sturdy household ties which are current. They need to be instructed to take their mom and father as position fashions and lead a life that’s going to be constructive sooner or later. College students belonging to varied schools could have loads of creativity housed inside them. They wish to use this talent to construct a future. This is also used as a degree on which additional motivation could be carried out (Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).

The intervention carried out shouldn’t be single measures as a quantity of components are concerned which are associated to teenage being pregnant. Some counselors would make the most of varied psychotherapy methods to Help the youngsters to undertake wholesome sexual practices. Some of the psychotherapy methods that could possibly be utilized included household remedy, group remedy, Help teams, couple remedy, and many others (Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).

All the problems that embody intercourse and teenage issues must be sorted out in a teenage being pregnant prevention program. Some of these points embody HIV/AIDS, accountable sexual habits, use of contraceptives, drug abuse, and many others. The youngsters must be motivated to steer a fruitful and a productive life. Many youngsters could really feel depressed and hopeless in case they fall pregnant. Nevertheless, a counselor also needs to be out there to deal with such conditions and supply the youngsters a manner out. The counselor must undertake a stand that may encourage the teenager. Some of the factors over which the teenager could possibly be inspired embody: –

1. Make the teenager perceive that younger blood could possibly be utilized for constructive functions.
2. Helps the teenager to construct a life crammed with function and duty.
three. Constructing a really promising future.
four. Serving to youngsters who’ve had earlier pregnancies and abortions to steer a life crammed with hope and high quality (Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).

Nevertheless, this isn’t at all times the case with youngsters who’ve had earlier pregnancies. Youngsters who’ve had earlier pregnancies could also be pressurized from varied quarters. They might be compelled to steer a life crammed with poverty, distress, hopelessness and despair. The counselor ought to in such conditions be out there to uplift such youngsters to steer a top quality life. The counselor ought to take into account such youngsters to be at a excessive threat for despair and suicidal tendencies.

He ought to have the ability to assess the presence of such threat and accordingly take measures to guard the teenager. Youngsters underneath the difficulties of life, require love and care. Because of this, they might take pleasure in sexual actions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of such actions could end in a important error resulting in the feminine woman turning into pregnant. The counselor ought to present hope and motivation for the teenager to steer a fruitful life (Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006).

One of the simplest applications with regards to social points equivalent to teenage being pregnant, community-based approaches appears to be very superior. The US Well being and Human Companies is one group that’s supporting the use of community-based applications for the prevention of being pregnant amongst youngsters. They might be utilizing varied assets equivalent to monetary, human, supportive, infrastructure, materials, and many others, to carry out varied actions equivalent to constructing partnerships, researching, monitoring, evaluating, planning, disseminating information, and many others (Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program, 2006 & US HHS, 2002).

The CDC has taken the difficulty of teenage being pregnant prevention on a precedence foundation because the 12 months 1995. The applications Help varied actions with the intention to Help stop teenage pregnancies. These embody neighborhood actions, coordinated efforts, determine shortcomings, figuring out and allocating assets, evaluating the venture, and many others. A number of governmental and non-governmental can be collaborating in such actions, together with native, regional and federal (US HHS, 2002).

A number of different points must be thought-about within the teenage being pregnant prevention program. For the supply of reproductive well being providers, a number of medical health insurance choices must be out there to the youngsters (equivalent to Medicaid and Medicare Companies). A number of of the State, Regional and Federal Public Well being applications such because the State Youngsters’s Well being Insurance coverage Program (SCHIP), Maternal and Youngster Well being Companies Block Grant, and many others are meant for adolescent well being and to stop being pregnant in younger teenage ladies. Youngsters also needs to have amenities to Help them with a number of different points equivalent to drug abuse, alcohol abuse, authorized points, and many others (US HHS, 2002).

In a teenage being pregnant prevention program, throughout the implementation sure rules must be adhered to: –
· The targets, objectives and the anticipated consequence of this system must be clearly outlined.
· The mode by which these targets are to be achieved must be decided.
· Collaboration ought to exist between the governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, and personal organizations.
· The involvement of teenagers in this system.
· The actions and the content material of this system carried out must be engaging to the teenagers.
· All actions must be constructive in nature.
· Cultural actions and native assets would offer big quantity of advantages.
· Use of native volunteers and counselors would additionally Help in this system.
· Lengthy-term Help must be offered to the teenagers in serving to to carve out one thing constructive for the longer term.
· The 2 measures by which this system can be appearing embody abstinence and contraception. Abstinence can delay the curiosity in indulging in sexual exercise by the teenager. Contraception strategies and methods must be taught. Males must be inspired to take up contraception use, as it’s extra handy and reduces the load on the females.
· The applications must be developmentally acceptable.
· Resolution-making expertise and problem-solving strategies must be taught to the youngsters.
· A number of well being providers equivalent to gynecological providers, obstetrics providers, adolescent well being, being pregnant testing, prevention and remedy for STD’s, contraceptive counseling, and many others. The well being providers ought to included sure options together with confidentiality, knowledgeable consent, flexibility in appointments, free providers, and many others. (Davies, 2007).

References:
ASPE-HHS (2007). “Involving Well being Care Professionals in Teen Pregnancy Prevention.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from ASPE-HHS Website: http://aspe.hhs.gov/HSP/get-organized99/ch10.pdf

Clean, L., Goyder, E. & Peters, J. (2003). “Teenage being pregnant prevention initiatives in New Deal Communities.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from The College of Sheffield Website.

Heart For Maternal And Youngster Well being (2007). “Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth Website: http://www.fha.state.md.us/mch/html/teenpreg.cfm

Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera (2006). “Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Youngsters’s Support Society Carrera Website: http://www.stopteenpregnancy.com/ourprogram

Connelly, M. T. & Inui, T. S. (2004). “Ideas of Illness Prevention.” In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A. S., Kasper, D. L., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L. and Jameson, J.L. (Eds) Harrison’s Ideas of Inside Medication, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Davis, L. (2007). “Elements of Promising Teen Pregnancy Prevention Packages.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates for Youth Website: http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/iag/compnent.htm

Huberman, B. (2005). “Nationwide Teen Pregnancy Prevention Month (NTPPM) Planning Guidebook.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Advocates of Youth Website.

Kohli, V. & Nyberg, Ok. L. (2007). “Teen Pregnancy Prevention by way of Training.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from California State College Website.

Ontario’s Maternal, New child and Early Youngster Growth Useful resource Centre and the Intercourse Data and Training Council of Canada (2007). “Replace report on
Teen being pregnant prevention.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from OMNECD Website:

PCL (2007). “Unplanned Pregnancy Counselling.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from PCL Website: http://www.pcl.org.au

SHPPS (2006). “Pregnancy Prevention.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from SHPPS Website.

The Nationwide Marketing campaign To Stop Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2006). “Teen Pregnancy – So What?” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Teenage Pregnancy.org Website: http://www.teenpregnancy.org/whycare/sowhat.asp

US HHS (2002). “Stopping Teenage Pregnancy.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from US HHS Website: http://www.policyalmanac.org/well being/archive/hhs_teenage_pregnancy.shtml

Weiss, D. (2007). “Decreasing Teenage Pregnancy.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from Deliberate Parenthood Website:
http://www.plannedparenthood.org/news-articles-press/politics-policyissues/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/teenage-pregnancy-6240.htm

College of Richmond (2003). “Teenage Pregnancy Prevention.” Retrieved on December 14, 2007, from College of Richmond Website: http://www.solutionsforamerica.org/healthyfam/teenage-pregnancy.htm

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