History: First States 1800S Fur Trading Essay, Analysis Paper

Introducing the Fort Billions of individuals within the yesteryear, and a million tens of millions of individuals within the hereafter to return, maintain had, or will maintain buying and selling as a significant dealing of their lives, both via a garrison like Fort Langley or modernly via a tough forex registry on the town. It was an epoch when flag adopted commerce, and pelt bargainers typically acted as progress guards of the imperium. The primary British involvements had been sparked by the wealthy provide of sea otter furs introduced again by seamans working the Pacific seashore about 1793 and the copiousness of pelt collected by the North West Firm in its geographic expedition of the inland commerce of the Pacific incline from 1811. The businesses merged in 1821 On the latter terminal of the month of July, 1827, the work of elevating the brand new station to be referred to as Fort Langley had begun underneath the best way of James McMillan.

Based by Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm, it was the place of origin of British Columbia and performed a cardinal operate within the maritime and inside fur commerce actions of the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm west of the Rockies. The primary garrison was constructed on the current website of Derby Attain ( found by Simon Fraser ) , 20 stat mis up the Fraser river and have become a brand new kind of buying and selling station which was a portion of an internet of buying and selling stations established by the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm on the Pacific Slope within the early 19th century. Located on the fertile Bankss of the Fraser River, 40 proceedingss type Vancouver, the small city of Fort Langley displays the place of origin of British Columbia. Fort Langley was a focus of West Coast improvement, a farm, salmon processing works, and apart from a warehouse had been sturdy factors. Situated on the decrease Fraser River in 1827 it assured a future base of operations for the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm. It apart from served as a handy buying and selling centre for a broad district. It was the primary topographic level of uninterrupted European colony on the border-land of the Pacific between Puget Sound and Alaska, and was the staging nation for the 1858 Fraser River Gold Rush. Fort Langley had three epochs it was reconstructed 3 times. The unique garrison burned down in 1840. It was immediately rebuilt on the current website, 4 stat mis down from its previous location at this peculiar location. The garrison has been restored, and now homes, a aggregation of three,500 objects from the nation have made this garrison a historic land grade. By means of its commerce in pelt was ab initio worthwhile, its chief operate turned a supportive one together with assorted financial actions. It operated a giant graduated desk farm, initiated the celebrated West seashore pink-orange wadding business and started BC & # 8217 ; s international commercialism. Fort Langley apart from blazed the primary purposeful all -Canadian path from the seashore to the within and with its sister stations helped proceed British Columbia involvements West of the Rockies. The undermentioned paper is an effort to roll up collectively some details about the garrison and its residents through the century that has elapsed. Our scrutiny of the structure of Fort Langley will provide an penetration into the character of the Fur Commerce and the interplay of the numerous teams of individuals concerned in it. How the Europeans and the HBCo. happened in Developing the Fort There have been two chief floor for the structure of Fort Langley ; foremost, to go off the American bargainers whose ships had been crusing up the Fraser, monopolising the commerce: and secondly, to provide a website the place farm inexperienced items is perhaps produced in copiousness to feed the residents of the numerous garrisons of the Firm West of the Mountains. The Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm and the North West Firm amalgamated because the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm. After the brotherhood of the North West and Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firms in 1821, a Royal License was issued to the reconstituted Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm, giving it a monopoly on commerce within the unorganised districts of North America, together with the state West of the Rockies. Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm subsequently turned Britain & # 8217 ; s keeper of the Pacific North west. This Monopoly, nonetheless, might non besides American competitors. The Pacific half, so generally known as the Columbia District or the Oregon district, had been collectively occupied by Britain and america since 1818 and commercialism between latitudes 40. and 54.40 & # 8242 ; was unfastened by worldwide pact. Though British bargainers dominated the within, pelts regularly discovered their method to American Ships, which managed the seashore. Throughout Governor George Simpson of the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm foremost go to to the Columbia District in 1824, he labored out a program to cease American competitors. He aimed by intensive searching and underselling, to win management of the seashore and the Columbia River half and to arrange them as frontier zones to guard the corporate & # 8217 ; s beneficial sources within the northern inside. He apart from appeared to the Fraser River to provide a brand new entree to the within, a reconnaissance get together led by Chief Dealer James McMillan made a preliminary research of the decrease Fraser Valley in November 1824. Three previous ages subsequently, a website on the south financial institution of the Fraser, close to the Salmon River, was chosen for a potential terminal named Fort Langley in honor of Thomas Langley, a listing of the Firm. The bosom of Simpson & # 8217 ; s scheme was a brand new terminal to be erected close to the oral cavity of Fraser River. The bing terminal, Fort George, was South of the Columbia River, which the Governor anticipated to go america boundary line. In that occasion, the Firm & # 8217 ; s present line to its inland stations is perhaps blocked. The nation was foremost found by Simon Fraser, an adventurer for the North West Fur Trading Firm, in 1808. The Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm expanded on different nations of concern, exterior of the fur commerce. In 1824 preliminary scrutinies had been made to busy the oral cavity of the Fraser River with a buying and selling station which might apart from transport on the work of farming and fishing. It was non till 1827 that this program materialized with the edifice of Fort Langley. The applications for set uping Fort Langley had been pursued. One can merely presume that in his disdain for North West Firm course within the Columbia territory, Simpson concluded that deficiency of effectivity implied a inclination to overrate troubles. The concluding dedication to arrange Fort Langley was made by the Governor and Committee on the recommendation of Simpson. In 1826 the Thompson and Fraser Rivers had been explored above their junction, and in 1827 applications for Fort Langley had been put into operation. The brand new station was named Fort Langley after Thomas Langley, a excellent member and shareholder of that identify, who was related to Sir J. Pelly within the course of the corporate. James McMillan, a very clever grownup male, a former member of the North West Firm, was one of many officers of the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm who met Simpson at Boat Encampment within the fall of 1824. He was topographic level accountable for an expedition to be despatched in November of that very same twelvemonth to analysis the shore line of Puget Sound, and the Waterss of the Fraser River. On Wednesday, June 27th, 1827, James McMillan, who had headed the get together of 1824, left for Fort Langley. James McMillan was accountable for land get together made up of Canadians, assorted bloods, Hawaiians, Kanakas and Iroquois, most of whom had been former workers of the North West Firm. They had been to analysis non merely for a garrison website, however for dust appropriate for prolonged agriculture operation each bit good. Thus it was that the expedition handed up the Nicomekl to Langley Prairie. The Indians of the get together who had been principally within the edifice of a garrison beside the waterway demurred due to the lengthy portage, which was really one of the best mob to investigate the agricultural prospects. Fort Langley was based on 1827, although this was actually tardily within the North American Fur Commerce interval, the indigens of the Decrease Fraser Valley had skilled the consequences of contact merely not directly, and the operation of the land primarily based fur commerce on the Pacific incline was present process appreciable alteration because the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm established management throughout a interval when the invasion of the colony frontier was apparent. McMillan had contributed an amazing commerce to geographic expedition within the Pacific Northwest. His life had demanded nice bodily endurance and bravado, and McMillan was wanting in neither. He was ready to help himself and his get together in opposition to Indian onslaught, however he had apart from acquired a number of Indian linguistic communications and a reputation as an & # 8220 ; first-class dealer. & # 8221 ; It was McMillan & # 8217 ; s capacity to take his work forces by illustration and to digest nice adversity with out ailment that had received Simpson & # 8217 ; s blessing. Consequently, he was much less suited to implementing Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm insurance policies. Development of the primary Fort Langley commenced on August 1, 1827. The brand new garrison measured 41 metres by 36.6 metres and was solidly enclosed by a palisade four.6 metres excessive. Buildings within the new composite included the Large Home, the place the officers had been quartered ; a edifice with three compartments to accommodate different ranks ; a broad store ; one & # 8220 ; good & # 8221 ; home ; and a smaller home with two suites and a kitchen. Two bastions geared up with heavy weapon accomplished the brand new garrison. The undermentioned description is given by McDonald in his diary of the Governor & # 8217 ; s journey: The garrison is 135 by 120 pess with two good bastions, and a gallery 4 pess broad all unit of ammunition. A edifice of three compartments for the work forces, a bit of log home of two compartments wherein the gents themselves reside, , and a store, at the moment are occupied, apart from which there are tow different edifices, one in all good house home with an first-class basement and a broad loft. A twosome of well-finished chimneys are up, and the entire inside is now prepared for wainscoating an breakdown. 4 large Windowss are in forepart, and one in every terminal, and one, with a corresponding door, within the dorsum. The opposite is a low edifice with merely two sq. suites, with a fire in every, and a kitchen bordering fabricated from spline. The out-door work consists of three Fieldss, every planted with 30 bushels of murphies, and appears good. The commissariats shed, sole of desk store, is furnished with 3000 dried salmon, 16 grades salted salmon, 36 hundredweight. Of flour, 2 hundredweight. of lubricating oil, and 30 bushels of salt. ( Malclachlan, Morag. & # 8220 ; The Firm on the Coast & # 8221 ; ) Archibald McDonald took cost of Fort Langley as its 2nd head, in October, 1828. He, who succeeded McMillan, had come into the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm service on the Eve of the merger. As clerk at Fort George he had labored with Simpson on the histories through the winter of 1824-25 and so had develop into acquainted with rigorous financial methods which had been anticipated. Although it was now obvious that Fort Langley would non go a significant terminal, it was saved in operation due to the copiousness of fish accessible and the probabilities of agribusiness within the nation. McDonald, dying to prove himself, took his operate as manger actually earnestly. The day-to-day journal entries turned longer and extra enlightening and regularly the transcript despatched to London had add-ons and omissions which reveal how witting he was of what the Committee member needed to listen to. McDonald remained accountable for Fort Langley till March, 1833, with James Murray Yale as his clerk and supreme substitute. James Murray Yale, the third head, who now presided over Fort Langley, retained that place for over 25 previous ages. He entered the service of the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm about 1815 when he was a male little one, and didn & # 8217 ; t have any publicity till 21 previous ages subsequently. When pelt began to go scarce, Langley turned a nutrient terminal of no common measurement, but it surely was a topographic level the place a giant determine of retainers had been employed.In 1839, the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm agreed to hire the Alaskan Pan grip from the Russian American ( Fur ) Firm for an one-year hire in otter teguments and specified farm merchandises. Fort Langley was referred to as upon to deliver forth wheat and butter for the Russian contract. With the intention to ease agrarian operation, the unique garrison, now in a rotten standing, was deserted and a brand new one constructed 4 kilometres upriver, nearer to the massive prairie. As its instant nation turned dog-tired, Fort Langley & # 8217 ; s major map shifted from fur roll uping purveying to an internet of stations and vass that had been little by little constructed as much as unfold out the Firm & # 8217 ; s management of the seashore and the Langley piscary and farm provided lots of their fundamental calls for. James McMillan was an previous worker of the North West Firm. This Firm did non increase their garrisons so exhaustively as did the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm, therefore, in 1839 James Murray Yale wrote Douglas on October 14, that & # 8220 ; we’ve got deserted the previous garrison which was in a bedraggled standing and eliminated into a brand new garrison a number of stat mis up the river & # 8221 ; . Douglas had antecedently concurred with such course of. The New Fort Langley had been occupied merely 10 months when it was consumed by fireplace and needed to be wholly rebuilt. In Could, 1840, constructing commenced on one other new composite which lastly enclosed an nation 192 by 73 metres and contained three to 4 bastions and about 15 edifices. It’s on this website that the current Reconstruction has been made. The & # 8220 ; Large Home & # 8221 ; at Fort Langley offered the background for the official ceremonial proclaiming the structure of British Authorities of the Pacific mainland.The inaugural ceremonial at one time honored Fort Langley and signaled its diminution. It was apart from the sight the place the putting in of Sir James Douglas, as first governor of British Columbia took topographic level, by Mathew Begbie, Chief Justice of British Columbia. The Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm obtained rubric to land at Fort Langley in 1864 however the annulment of its monopoly created competitors for the piscary and farm. In 1858, pilotage was prolonged to Forts Hope and Yale, and Fort Langley & # 8217 ; s map each as excavation supplier and transshipment terminal immediately ceased. The selection of New Westminster because the Capital pushed Fort Langley & # 8220 ; out of the way of vacationers & # 8221 ; .

Within the 1860 & # 8217 ; s, the Fort Langley farm was expanded to again up the Hudson & # 8217 ; s Bay Firm & # 8217 ; s over

land transport service to the Caribou. Native competitors was very sturdy, nonetheless, and from 1870 the land was supplied on the market or lease. Firm officers thought-about it “the best land in British Columbia” and phrases had been saved public sale in Victoria in 1878 and the remaining by personal sale over the following eight years. Indians and the Impacts of the Fur Commerce Trading was an essential Indian exercise. The Indians realized a lot from the white comers as they exchanged items, shared concepts and experiences. All through America, items had been traded alongside routes that existed 1000’s of years earlier than the Europeans arrived. Native Indians traded peacefully with the fort. They traded fish, furs, and cranberries in abundance, nonetheless McMillan estimated that in two months he had seen about 2000 Indians who had by no means had a lot contact with Whites. The Indians had no formal system of cash. For probably the most half, they traded items and providers for different items or providers. In some areas, the Indians used sure objects as a medium of trade, similar to cash is used right now. Many coastal Indian teams had been engaged in buying and selling with white comers for over forty years, earlier than Fort Langley was based. Animal pelts had been price “made beavers,” which is a typical of worth, by which merchants traded with the Natives. The trapper was given picket tokens for every “made beaver.” One beaver pelt was price two “made beaver”, 10 mink had been price two “made beaver”, and 10 raccoons had been price one “made beaver.” The tokens the trappers obtained for every “made beaver” had been then used as cash within the store. For instance, a blanket would have value two tokens, and a kettle would have value one.By its very nature, the fur commerce was exploited, as was the commerce. Whether or not by sea or by land, introduced illness and cultural change to the native lifestyle. Comparable developments might be seen within the relationship between the Indians and the fort. Within the Columbia district, the Nor’Westerners had battled Indians and made alliances with them; the Hudson’s Bay Firm adopted a coverage of creating agency management over them. Initially the native inhabitants had within the Fraser valley had benefits which made the merchants susceptible and depending on them, however the basis of the fort, and the individuals sustaining it, established a sample of dominance which turned clear when settlers arrived within the territory with the gold rush. The natives of the decrease Fraser valley, residing in an space turning into very closely populated by White comers, turned part of fur commerce society. The native Indian tradition, barely touched when Fort Langley was based in 1827, suffered disruptive and fast change inside two or three generations. At occasions, the natives had been extra anxious to promote than the merchants to purchase. The Indians had been fairly good bargainers, since natives from far and close to got here to the Fort to commerce. McMillan at one time acknowledged:These Indians, make nice problem in bartering with us at our costs, on account of getting been visited by the People final Spring, who provided them with items extra cheaply than we doIndians had been being launched to the white man’s society, however on the lowest ranges inside the Hudson’s Bay Firm. From working insufficient labor circumstances on the farms; cleansing and salting fish, and unloading, loading vessels arriving on the fort. Fur Trading on the Fort From 1827 to 1833, Fort Langley performed a significant position within the British coastal offensive in opposition to the American merchants. Step by step, however forcefully the merchants imposed their worth system on the Indians. Fort Langley remained in operation as a way to produce meals, not just for the upkeep of the posts and carrying commerce, but in addition to export. Initially the put up traded for fish as a result of the boys skilled problem in catching any. By 1830, firm workers labored in a fishery which exploited the meals supply of the native individuals. After the founding of the fort, Indians had been added to the work drive. The ladies labored in housing potatoes and cleansing and salting fish, working within the farms, loading and unloading vessels coming and going to Fort Langley. Greater than half of the three,000 beaver collected by the Hudson’s Bay Firm on the coast in 1831, had been from the brand new Fraser River institution. Below the eager instructions of Chief dealer Archibald McDonald, Langley systematically undersold its American rivals and shortly commanded the commerce with Indian tribes all through Vancouver Island, The Fraser river and Puget Sound.Commerce between Indians and whites was essential in North America. The settlers wanted most of the issues the Indians had, and the Indians needed weapons, horses, liquor, and steel instruments. The transient maritime merchants, working from ships, undoubtedly engaged in unscrupulous practices on events, however the Indians, they handled had been shrewd merchants as succesful because the white comers at manipulating and exploiting and effectively in a position to retain a big diploma of management over the commerce and their very own tradition. If the white males felt themselves to be at a drawback initially, they shortly started to beat it. The Indians should regularly have been puzzled and dismayed on the methods of the merchants. They had been keen to type alliances via marriages within the Indian manner, giving items to mark the event, however they did not honour different obligations. An instance is when Mr. Yale married the daughter of the Kwantlen chief. When the women father came around his daughter, the daughter gave a heat blanket, and was humiliated by having the fifth snatched from the chief by McDonald. As its instant space turned exhausted, Fort Langley’s major operate shifted from fur accumulating to provisioning. A community of posts and vessels was progressively constructed as much as broaden the Firm’s management of the coast and the Langley fishery and farm provided lots of their fundamental wants. Salmon, abounding within the Fraser River, had been a staple of coast Indian and fur dealer, and may very well be cheaply traded with the Indians for “vermilion, rings and different trifles”. Salting and packing salmon turned an business underneath Chief Dealer McDonald and his successor James Murray Yale. By 1838 Langley provided all of the salt salmon required by the Hudson’s Bay Firm’s operations west of the Rockies. Because the Hudson’s Bay Firm turned linked to the broader commerce of the Pacific, Langley-cured salmon discovered its approach to markets within the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) and Australia.The districts outgoing exports of fur, fish, and cranberries had been ready for cargo at Fort Langley. Furs had been packed into bales utilizing a press. When the furs had been tightly pressed collectively in bundles, worms and bugs couldn’t get between them and spoil them. From 1833-1859, the Chief Dealer was James Murray Yale. He commanded the individuals working on the fort. The merchants trusted the Indians for fish, however when an Indian requested for meals on the fort, he was dismissed and threatened for turning into impolite. Langley was the unique exporter of salt salmon, exported hemp, to be made into rope, despatched massive a great deal of cranberries to San Francisco. Langley was additionally the primary to make an export of barrels. Langley made many issues from birch: Milk pans, brooms, horse collars, wedges, axe handles and small hinges. Agriculture Farming was begun on the fertile prairie 11 kilometers from the fort within the space then generally known as Langley Prairie. Crops had been regularly washed out within the low-lying land, however the agriculture operations steadily expanded till the Langley Farm coated 800 hectares. Producing potatoes, grain, cattle, pigs, barley, peas, dairy merchandise, and wheat thus sustaining a inventory of 200 pigs and 500 heads of cattle, it supplemented the produce of many Pacific forts and offered meals for the SS Beaver and different Firm vessels. 20 years of intense exercise adopted the institution of the brand new fort. Grain manufacturing elevated, beef and pork had been salted for the Firm ships and two dairies had been saved in full manufacturing. Salted salmon continued to be widespread within the Sandwich Islands and an annual export of 2000 barrels was not unusual within the years between 1845 and 1854. Cranberries traded from Indians and packaged at Fort Langley offered at substantial earnings in San Francisco. The pressing duties of brigade terminus had been added to the traditional occupation of fishery and farm. The meals and provides shipped from Fort Victoria had been packed at Fort Langley for distribution inland. Iron items had been manufactured for inland forts. Outgoing furs had been sorted, cleaned land packed in 113-Kilogram bales for cargo to England. Farming actions begun underneath McMillan had been enlarged. Salmon had been introduced and a begin was made barreling fish for cargo to Hawaii. Throughout the winter when Indians had normally retreated to Vancouver Island or up the Fraser, small searching events left the fort and the boys had been paid a small quantity for the animals they trapped. Throughout the time period of McDonald, the fur commerce was at its finest; his report says 2,000 beaver skins had been collected in 1834, however this commerce progressively declined because the beaver turned much less plentiful. The event of the salmon business and of the farm outdated it, but it surely was not till the final fort had been constructed that each these endeavors reached their peak. By 1838 the agriculture enterprise had develop into so nice that the Puget Sound Agriculture Firm was fashioned to deal with that finish oft the commerce. A Historic Occasion On November 19, 1858, within the reception room on the Large Home at Fort Langley, Douglas handed Begbie his fee as chief Justice of the brand new colony of British Columbia, and in flip Begbie, chief justice, handed Douglas his fee as Governor within the new colony. Oaths of workplace had been taken, proclamations had been learn revoking the Hudson’s Bay Firm’s government privileges. The “Large Home” at Fort Langley offered the background for the official ceremony proclaiming the institution of British Authorities on the Pacific Mainland. On Nov. 1858, 100 individuals assembled within the corridor to listen to the announcement that the corporate’s license was revoked and to witness the administration of oaths to the officers of the brand new authorities. Exterior, a 17-gun salute, which pierced the drizzling quiet, marked the historic transition from fur commerce area to British Colony. This solute then proclaimed New Caledonia, a British Crown Colony; British Columbia was born. Influences of the Gold Rush on the Fort In 1858, Fort Langley achieved world fame as the place to begin for the Fraser River gold area. In March of that 12 months information reached San Francisco that gold had been found within the sand bars of the higher Fraser , and inside months, 30,000 prospectors had poured into the realm. The Fort Langley put up turned crowed with strangers anticipating information of the newest discoveries and its sale store, issuing miners instruments land provisions, had a every day turnover of $1500. Throughout the rush, James Douglas, Governor of Vancouver Island and supervisor of the Hudson’s Bay Firm’s Pacific enterprise, took immediate motion to safe British sovereignty and implement the Firm’s commerce monopoly. But the licensing system which he launched was clearly inadequate to completely govern the rising inhabitants. The period of fur commerce guardian ship was drawing to a detailed. In August 1858, the British Parliament revoked the Firm’s monopoly and handed an act offering for a crown firm on the Pacific Mainland. James Douglas was named first Governor of British Columbia. Conclusion The flag was erected in the summertime of 1827. Fort Langley served as a provide depot, offering meals and supplies for inland forts. A lot of the products had been make or grown proper on the fort, however a lot of the factory-made items had been from England. Fort Langley, is sometimes called the “First Capital of British Columbia” because it was the primary outpost of civilization on the Mainland Coast, north of the 49th paralel and south of Russian possession. That is had been the salmon fisheries had developed as an export business; timber used to fabricate barrels. After 1858, the fort fell slowly into disrepair. The palisade was dismantled in 1864, and by 1871 the blacksmith store had been transformed right into a dwelling and the cooperage to a saleshop. A 12 months , the “Large home” was pulled down and a brand new residence constructed for the put up supervisor. Lastly, in April 1886, a brand new Hudson’s Bay Firm saleshop was constructed within the close by village and Fort Langley ceased operations as an organization put up. The Hudson s Bay Firm fort nonetheless operate right now as a working museum with costumed employees giving demonstrations on barrel making and blacksmithing At this time there’s one building- the previous store-standing at Fort Langley as a museum for us to recollect the individuals who created the Livid Fur Trading Fort-Fort Langley and most all perceive that this fort was the birthplace of our legendary province. Bibliography Wait, Donald E. The Langley Story: An Early History of the Municipality of Langley. Manitoba: Don Waite Publishing, 1977. Ormsby, Margaret A. British Columbia: A History. Vancouver: Evergreen Press, 1958. Woodcock, George. British Coulumbia: A historical past of the Province. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntrye, 1990. McKelvie, B.A. Fort Langley: Outpost of Empire. Toronto: Southham Firm Ltd, 1957.Mckelvie B.A Fort Langley: Birthplace of British Columbia. Victoria: Porceptic Books Ltd., 1960. Gibbard, John Edgar. “Early historical past of the Fraser Valley.” Diss. U of B.C., 1937. British Columbian. June 24, 1863, P.2. British Columbian. October three, 1864, P.2. Maclachlan, Morag., et al. The Firm on the Coast. Victoria: Nanaimo Historic Society with Helpance from a grant from the British Columbia Heritage Belief., 1983. Nelson, Denys. Fort Langley 1827-1927: A century of settlement within the Valley of the Decrease Fraser River. Fort Langley: Artwork, Historic Scientific Affiliation of Vancouver, B.C., 1927. Murphy Paul. “The historical past of Fort langley.” Diss. U of B.C., 1929. Endnotes