Posted: April 13th, 2023

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Domestic Violence
Domestic violence has ruinous consequences for both society and individual victims. It causes suffering and untold pain to abused people and drains the resources of public and voluntary services. Domestic violence can be termed as any form of maltreatment in homosexual or heterosexual romantic relationships between adolescents or adults. Domestic violence is a major health problem because it has affected many ladies and men, resulting in homelessness, injury, or death of victims and billions of money spent in health care costs for domestic violence victims and loss of work productivity (Nigam 15). In some ways, societies continue to endorse domestic violence through legal sanctioning of the subjection of women and lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender LGTB victims not legally protected against domestic violence. Several risk factors are associated with domestic violence, including low self-esteem, poverty, and male domination attitudes. Domestic violence is a significant public health challenge that affects many people resulting in social and health negative impacts, therefore, necessitating its discussion.
The history of domestic violence is as timeless as history. Sexual assaults and sexual exploitation such as rape have historically been used to demoralize a group of people, such as North America-bound slave ships. Society has contributed to domestic violence mostly for women being victims because sanction forms of violence, including infibulation or cutting of female genitals, are referred to as female circumcision (Prost et al.241). Historically, female circumcision was done to render less able to walk or cause women to be unable to have sexual intercourse. All world societies have termed women to be less valuable than men. From assaults of ladies being subjected to premarital sex, rape, and other forms of sexual assault, women being omitted from serving in various positions have contributed mistreat of women. Historically, the subjection of women has greatly contributed to domestic violence.
Types of domestic abuse include; physical abuse, which is the intentional use of physical force to cause harm, disability, injury, or death. Physical violence entails any assault ranging from weapons, punching, hitting to pushing, biting, and slapping. Women are prone to injurious and chronic physical assault at their partners' hands than men (Almış et al. 235). Domestic violent victims that experience severe and frequent physical abuse may end up dying. Research shows that physical violence is often accompanied by psychological abuse. Controlling behaviors always accompany physical abuse. Mental, emotional, or psychological abuse can be termed intentional conduct that can seriously impair violent domestic victims' psychological integrity. Using threats, words to demean, criticize, or decrease intimate partner victims' confidence is part of physiological abuse. Financial or economic abuse is termed as limiting the security or financial freedom of an intimate partner.
Sexual abuse refers to using sexual behavior to demean or control victims. An example is menacing the victim to participate in unsafe sex or sexual activities that they do not want to engage in. sexual violence is divided into five groups that entail sexual violence, whether completed or attempted (Morales n.p). Sexual violence acts can also occur without victim's consent, such as when they are intoxicated. The first category of sexual violence is the penetration of the victim of rape. When an intimate partner physically applies force or threats to penetrate the victim without their consent sexually. Another group of sexual violence experienced in domestic violence is when a victim was made to penetrate someone else. It includes forced, attempted, or drug-facilitated incidents, making the victim sexually penetrate the intimate partner without the victim's consent. Pressure unwanted penetration, which is non-physical, is another type of sexual abuse whereby the victim is verbally pressured to penetrate the other partner sexually(Nigam, 45). Some intimate partners also perform unwanted sexual contact with their intimate partners, which is also a group of sexual abuse.
Even though there are no certain causes of domestic violence, women are prone to domestic violence victimization. Women with male partners who abuse drugs such as alcohol, poverty afflicted, unemployed and underemployed are likely to experience domestic violence from their partners. Heterosexual relationships also tend to experience domestic violence compared to homosexual relationships. Society's mindset that gives men power over women has put people at risk of getting involved in abusive relationships (Isgandarova 55). For instance, unemployed married men whose wives are working may feel that they have no power over their wives hence use abusive actions such as threats to keep their power in the family. Research also supports that growing up in a family that experiences domestic violence contributes to either being a domestic violence victim.
There is a list of several questions for screening warning signs or symptoms of an abusive intimate relationship. The list of questions includes asking a person whether they feel that their partner excessively controls them, like being tracked daily and whether obvious acts of abusive relationship have occurred, such as punching or hitting. The warning signs for identifying their intimate partners have been abused, including rape, abuse, domestic violence aid, and resource collection (Franzway and Moulding 50). Some people who are likely to be experiencing abuse in their relationship are teens or adults who are often absent from work or school or have many injuries such as bruises that they try to explain in a different version to people. People with low self-esteem, who greatly fear conflicts, have a noticeable change in their personality and seem isolated might also be experiencing abuse in their relationships (Almış et al. 232).
Assessment of domestic violence by medical professionals is quite manageable. The only challenge faced while trying to assess domestic violence is the victims not disclosing their victimization. Despite the challenge, open-ended questions are effective in assessing domestic violence compared to closed questions. Medical professionals use indirect open-ended questions in assessing domestic violence to trick victims into not fear disclosing their victimization. For instance, a medical practitioner can ask how partners disagree with each other rather than your partner controlling you like hitting you. Medical professionals also ask the indirect domestic violence question to individuals rather than to both couples. This is because domestic violence questions are compassionate and the victim can fear truthfully answer questions in front of their abusive intimate partners.
In conclusion, domestic violence adversely affects society and people. Through the public health department, improved definitions of domestic violence can aid in surveillance, determining domestic violence's burden, and improving responses. Public health practitioners should understand the broad scope of domestic violence and educate the public on its social and health impacts and prevent domestic violence. Domestic violence victims should always be encouraged to speak up despite the victimization situations.

Works Cited
Almış, Behice Han, Funda Gümüştaş, and Emel Koyuncu Kütük. "Effects of Domestic Violence Against Women on Mental Health of Women and Children." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar 12.2 (2020): 232-242.
Franzway, Suzanne, and Nicole Moulding. Sexual Politics of Gendered Violence and Women's Citizenship. Policy P, 2019.
Gregory, Katie, Nkiru Nnawulezi, and Cris M. Sullivan. "Understanding how domestic violence shelter rules may influence survivor empowerment." Journal of interpersonal violence 36.1-2 (2021): NP402-NP423.
Isgandarova, Nazila. "Domestic Violence Literature Review." Muslim Women, Domestic Violence, and Psychotherapy, 2018, pp. 51-71.
, Stephanie. Helping Children Understand and Manage The Effects of Domestic Violence: Healers, A Psychoeducational Group. Diss. California State University, Northridge, 2020.
Nigam, Shalu. "Conceptualizing domestic violence." Women and Domestic Violence Law in India, 2019, pp. 7-47.
Prost, Stephanie Grace, Daniel G. Saunders, and Karen Oehme. "Childhood family violence and officer responses to officer-involved domestic violence: Effects of cumulative and resolved trauma." International Journal of Police Science & Management 22.2 (2020): 194-207.