Study Bay Coursework Assignment Writing Help

PowerPoint as an insidious development – this was the article of a paper I not too long ago learn. As an educator I’ve ceaselessly used PowerPoint in my classroom instructing. I had not beforehand given thought to how PowerPoint is solely a device in a instructor’s bigger toolbox of instructing methods. Neither had I thought-about methods to use PowerPoint displays successfully as one instructing and studying device in my classroom. Likewise, I skilled the usage of PowerPoint for giving a lecture and in addition for having a presentation in my research project some which have been fascinating and a few which have been sleep inducing. Is there a means to make use of PowerPoint within the classroom? How college students get profit from having lecturers who’ve an understanding of efficient methods to make use of PowerPoint of their instructing apply?

With the rising numbers of know-how integration in schooling particularly the usage of PowerPoint in classroom, will probably be very helpful for my very own skilled growth and profit the training of the learners I’m chargeable for.

Dennis Austin was the primary architect who designed the PowerPoint program, beginning in late 1984; Thomas Rudkin joined him in 1986, and so they developed all the PowerPoint 1.zero software program (Gaskins, 2012). PowerPoint software program have been launched on the Apple Macintosh machine in April, 1987 with the primary desktop presentation as proven in determine 1 on the subsequent web page.

Determine 1: Copied from (http://weblog.indezine.com/2012/08/powerpoint-at-25-conversation-with.html

There’s a critique over the usage of PowerPoint presentation in classroom instructing and studying. As one scholar said:

[PowerPoint] squeezes concepts right into a preconceived format, organizing and condensing not solely your materials but-inevitably, it seems-your mind-set about and that materials. An advanced, nuanced challenge invariably is diminished to headings and bullets. And if that doesn’t stultify your excited about a topic, it might have that impact upon in your audience-which is on the mercy of your presentation. (Keller, 2003, p. D01)

Nevertheless, one research has concluded that college students typically belief on the usage of PowerPoint because the device for his or her studying with ease (Apperson, 2006). One other research additionally indicated that though there have been no vital variations in pupil scoring results of PowerPoint introduction to the classroom; but the interplay and sophistication response between college students and lecturers speaking time has elevated dramatically and due to this fact make the category value to review (Szabo & Hastings, 2000).

The introduction of know-how innovation to schooling.

There’s an effort from the Cambodian Ministry of Education Youth and Sport (MoEYS) to boost the standard of schooling via the event of classroom for lecturers’ capacities of their instructing pedagogy from basis to increased schooling system (MoEYS, 2010). Lately, know-how has began to have a presence in school rooms and schooling know-how is turning into a “necessity” (Thomas, 2002, p.1). McCannon and Morse (1999) identified that this system Microsoft PowerPoint controls 97% of the presentation market ranking as essentially the most dominant sort of know-how used within the classroom for studying and instructing. Their knowledge reported that in sooner or later there are 30, 000, 000 displays made worldwide and that PowerPoint software program was on 250, 000, 000 computer systems respectively (Amare, 2006).

The revolutions inside data know-how has supplied quite a few constructive impacts for the schooling sector and been used to Help college students with their analysis research, self growth via web exploration and use of the trendy amenities together with the information projector, laser board and so forth (Fuyin & Pershing, 2010). Cambodia has applied workshops on instructor ICT literacy supposed to equip lecturers with the information and abilities for the efficient use of contemporary know-how of their classroom instructing with a purpose to produce pupil higher studying outcomes (MoEYS, 2010).

PowerPoint as a device in a instructor’s toolbox for instructing methods.

Inside the rising integration of know-how and schooling, utilizing energy level software program as a device for instructing and studying has dominated classroom instructing practices in developed and, rising, in growing nations. This device has nice potential to interact college students and encourage of their studying because the rise of this software program within the late 1990s (Rabinowitz., Kernodle., & McKethan (2010). As well as, Frey and Birnbaum (2002) carried out a survey and located that the usage of PowerPoint within the classroom was very helpful for college students after they have been reviewing their research. Beale (2011) talked about that powerpoint can be utilized for a lot of issues aside from displays, for instance, many most popular to make use of PowerPoint to create portfolio paperwork. Cashman and Shelly (2000) reported that learners study most successfully when their 5 senses are concerned. The PowerPoint displays an enchantment to a learner’s visible and auditory senses if used successfully and due to this fact present an efficient studying expertise to college students.

Downside Assertion

As society advances, science and know-how develops and the Web emerges, conventional instructing have been tremendously challenged by many new methods of partaking learners with concepts and new materials. In the present day, lecturers are confronted with many challenges, comparable to methods to elevate college students’ curiosity of their studying, and methods to enhance the effectivity of instructing throughout class. Use of know-how and varied software program, for instance, powerpoint is undoubtedly one reply to the above challenges. College students could also be motivated and their studying enhance with the efficient use of know-how together with energy level slide displays (Li, 2009).

College budgets have been reported as getting used for the implementation of know-how in order to boost the training surroundings particularly the usage of PowerPoint presentation (Atkins-Sayre et al., 1998). Equipping school rooms with the equipment needed for inclusion of know-how in instructing makes it attainable for all instructors to make displays. Nevertheless, Turfe (2006) has instructed that presentation software program, comparable to PowerPoint, when in comparison with different widespread presentation instruments (e.g., overhead transparencies), has diminished the analytical high quality of significant displays of proof. He additionally instructed that presentation software program is presenter-oriented, not content- or audience-oriented, and due to this fact, is principally centered on ability, approach and the capacities of the presenter in giving the efficient presentation for a greater instructing and studying surroundings. Some agree with Tufte by accusing PowerPoint of negatively modifying our concepts (Parker, 2001), and referring to the usage of PowerPoint as “insidious development” (Bly, 2001, p.1). Conversely, Carlson (2002) has argued that there’s an encouragement for the trainer to spend time getting ready slide presentation since it might probably pack paperwork and reduce the time to make of copies for college students of their studying and greedy the data.

I do know that in my very own preparation for instructing I obtained no formal coaching within the efficient of PowerPoint within the classroom. Likewise, efficient use of know-how and software program within the classroom shouldn’t be included within the curriculum of Cambodia’s instructor coaching establishment. Varied stories doc the truth that lecturers in Cambodia are poorly certified and never effectively educated. In 2006, the research proven that 34.5% of lecturers in distant areas, 6.four% in rural areas, and four.2% in city areas had not themselves obtained formal coaching from the establishment and shockingly studied past the first degree (UNESCO, 2006; Benveniste et al, 2008, p.iii). On the identical time, the Education Sector Help Program (ESSP) referred to as for the wants of capability constructing on lecturers to help the strengthening of faculty administrators, and lecturers’ efficiency specializing in instructing and studying methodology and the usage of know-how in classroom (MoEYS, 2005b, p.9).

Analysis Questions:

Two exploratory analysis questions have been developed in response to the research of this matter:

1.What do lecturers in school of X in College X perceive as efficient use of PowerPoint within the classroom?

2.How do these lecturers use PowerPoint of their instructing device field of instructing methods?

Significance of the research

The research reported above discovered that PowerPoint decreases the interplay between instructor and pupil (Pippert and Moore, 1999), provides a pupil a sleeping tablet (Parks, 1999), and makes the category unnatural to some extent (Sammons, 1995). Turfe (2003) talked about that presenters usually tend to dominate the category and the learners have little probability for studying interplay at school.

This research is a vital contribution to the analysis of and understanding methods to use PowerPoint instruction as an efficient studying device. There are a selection of know-how devices for instructing and studying. Nevertheless, colleges and universities are relying on the PowerPoint software program an increasing number of as a automobile utilized by lecturers to ship instruction. Instructors must have proof on the efficient use of software program and methods to use them and on this occasion as a result of widespread of it as a instructing device; particularly PowerPoint, to enhance pupil studying efficiency (Schroeder, 2006).

Chapter Two

Literature Overview

This chapter is principally centered on the findings from earlier research on the efficient use of PowerPoint in classroom studying and instructing. I reviewed each the nationwide and worldwide sources on the efficient use of PowerPoint. Nevertheless, not many articles, books or journals have been discovered written within the Cambodian context. I used the web sites Google Scholar and the ejournal assortment accessible from one Australian college to find the fabric to make use of in my Assessment of the literature. The important thing phrases used to determine the articles: PowerPoint Presentation, progressive device, projection units, Instruction Instrument, and Digital supply.

Options of School rooms Designed for Effective Studying.

There are numerous elements required for selling effectiveness of pupil studying efficiency. McDonald and Gibson (1998) said that social interplay and interpersonal relationships are a needed a part of studying and studying environments. Research indicated that not solely social interplay and interpersonal relationships are a needed a part of studying but additionally the Assessment of studying, the emotional local weather within the classroom, supportive studying environments, and the collection of the strategies and actions of instructing and,; the inclusion of know-how within the classroom, are additionally counted as options wanted for an efficient studying surroundings (Rudland et al., 2010). Many faculties and universities are outfitted with know-how needed for any teacher to show data utilizing the PowerPoint software program program. Moreover, instructors are sometimes inspired by the directors to make use of this know-how (Carlson, 2002). It’s also sensible to think about benefits and downsides to the instructor when investigating the effectiveness of a brand new instructing methodology.

Assessment of Studying.

Effective Assessment is a vital device to enhancing pupil studying and enhance their studying efficiency (Brown and Knight, 1994). Trotter (2006) claims that steady Assessment practices encourage learners to repeatedly preserving on observe of their educational life. Carless (2007) argues that acceptable duties have to be set to help and assess college students’ studying, by specializing in the method of studying and on offering suggestions that’s efficient, and by growing college students’ autonomy and duty for monitoring and managing their very own studying. Moreover, Black and William (1998) ranked Assessment of studying as essentially the most vital component to consolidate college students’ efficiency of their studying.

Emotional local weather.

The impact of the classroom local weather is an undeniably necessary affect within the effectiveness of scholars studying final result together with mental house, but additionally as a social, emotional, and bodily surroundings (Huston and DiPietro, 2007). Zins (2004) famous that the efficient studying included a instructor with the ability to create protected, caring, well-managed and cooperative classroom environments, in addition to broader controlling that present equal studying course of for college students in taking part their classroom successfully. Burdett (2003) talked about that college students study greatest after they work in teams and share a standard sense of their dialogue over the realm being studied.

Supportive studying surroundings.

To some extent, studying wants supportive surroundings for the efficient studying final result. Kimbell and Stables (2008) highlighted the significance of the lecturers’ function to help college students of their pondering in order to allow them to take better duty for the research, via their very own goal setting to allow them handle and efficiently carry on observe with their studying. The educational surroundings was a really sturdy predictor for the tutorial success pupil finding out at college (Lizzio, Wilson, & Simons, 2002).

Pedagogy.

Leach & Moon (2000) believed that there’s a sturdy connection between pedagogy and the efficient studying throughout the classroom surroundings. Likewise, the research carried out by Norvig (2003) indicated that the strategies and actions of instructing can most successfully help and supply varied advantages starting from studying inquiry, reflective thought & studying, and the usage of know-how into the classroom.

Teaching as inquiry

The pedagogical strategy often called the inquiry instructing is seen as a vital part of all western nations present Ok-12 science curricula. From the angle of america Nationwide Science Education Requirements (NRC,1996), college students are anticipated to have the ability to develop scientific questions after which design and conduct investigations that may yield the information needed for arriving at conclusions for the said questions. Lederman (2009) talked about that college students are sometimes requested to make predictions about what they imagine would be the final result of the investigation. Utilizing any such exercise, college students examine an issue offered by the instructor utilizing a prescribed process that’s supplied by the instructor. In that sense, college students have the chance to develop their very own conclusions by analyzing the information and developing with their very own evidence-based conclusions and on the identical time improve the effectivity of their studying.

Encouraging reflective thought & motion for experiential studying

John Dewey, Kurt Lewin and Jean Piaget are the acknowledged founders of the Experiential Studying strategy (Miettinen, 2000). This idea is getting used routinely within the instructing of grownup schooling in Europe, North America and Australia. It has been an necessary place to begin for a number of makes an attempt to develop grownup schooling concept (Jarvis, 1987). Equally, Weil and McGill (1989) indicated that giving college students alternatives for reflecting and appearing in the midst of experiential studying may produce fruitful outcomes for his or her educational efficiency. The Australian thinker of science Allan Chalmers states that the idea is a really sensible accomplishment by doing motion with the reflective assertion with a purpose to make college students expertise educational rewards (Chalmers, 1990).

Expertise

Atkinson (1968) and Suppes (1968) are among the many pioneers who carried out analysis on the mixing of laptop applied sciences as instruments for enhancement device of studying and understanding. There’s a confirmed conclusion concerning the development of educational achievement inside the usage of know-how in schooling (U.S. Division of Education, 1994). In Christmann and Badgett’s research (1999) indicated that the introduction of know-how in classroom course instruction may be very helpful. The findings persistently recommend that this introduction will increase pupil efficiency above the degrees afforded by conventional instruction.

Analysis on the Effectiveness of PowerPoint within the Classroom

In a research by Szabo and Hastings (2000), 155 college students have been administered a 10-item questionnaire to measure how they felt about the usage of powerpoint presentation within the classroom. Ninety % of the respondents believed that presentation graphics have been extra consideration capturing than conventional lectures and 85% mentioned that it was extra fascinating. Mantei (2000) additionally reported comparable outcomes with college students reporting they discovered the presentation was extra fascinating and gratifying and on the identical time enhanced their information dramatically. Furthermore, Atkins-Sayre, Hopkins, Mohundro, and Sayre (1998) reported that 73% of the 485 college students they surveyed discovered that presentation graphics helped them preserve an curiosity within the lecture. Cashman and Shelly (2000) concluded that PowerPoint displays enchantment to learners’ numerous studying kinds, comparable to visible, auditory, kinesthetic, and artistic by using multimedia strategies, comparable to sounds, photographs, colour, motion, design, and so forth. Schcolnik and Kol (1999) on the identical time confirmed that PowerPoint is a device that enables learners to get an enormous image with actual understanding. The usage of this presentation software program inside a supportive classroom ambiance encourages the mixing of educational abilities. PowerPoint not solely gives easy inclusion of an in depth assortment of clip artwork, however extra skilled lecturers may even study to incorporate audio/visible clips as an additional refinement in animation. The software program contains animation options comparable to zoom, fly, crawl, and swivel; which might, in flip, make a lecture extra fascinating. Likewise, Norvig (2003) indicated that PowerPoint can most successfully help a presentation by offering visible data comparable to images, charts, or diagrams along with a short define of essential subjects and first degree subtopics. Thus, the visible picture device in PowerPoint slide presentation could also be used to boost the textual content and create an classroom surroundings (Goldstein, 2003).

Why Use PowerPoint within the Classroom for Lectures?

While used extensively in school rooms world wide, the usage of PowerPoint as a device for enhancing studying is effectively understood. In a research by Rankin and Hoaas (2001), one professor taught four sections of Economics lessons over the course of two semesters. Every semester the professor taught one class utilizing a conventional lecture methodology and one other class utilizing lecture added by means of PowerPoint software program presentation. In step with different research, Rankin and Hoaas discovered no vital impact of the tactic of instruction on pupil efficiency. Nevertheless, in step with analysis talked about earlier relating to pupil perceptions, Brewster (1996) did present a distinction in attitudes in direction of the multimedia displays; college students have been extra constructive of their Assessments of the category when PowerPoint slide presentation occurred of their studying.

The analysis carried out by Smith and Woody (2000) discovered that college students gained increased examination scores from multimedia programs provided that these college students scored excessive on measures of visible orientation, indicating that the advantages of PowerPoint presentation in classroom for making lecture is strongly related to studying kinds particularly the visible model. That is in step with the findings of Beets & Lobingier (2001).

From the research above it’s clear that PowerPoint can improve studying for some learners particularly those that study strongly from visible materials. Additionally apparent is that if used effectively by a instructor it may be a motivational device for partaking college students with the fabric being offered.

Traits of PowerPoint

Determine 2. Copied from Microsoft PowerPoint 2007Within the typical ‘clean’ default slide (see determine 2), PowerPoint presents with a comparatively simple invitation. There are two textual content packing containers typically happen. The highest one is ‘Click on so as to add title’, and the under one is ‘Click on so as to add subtitle’. Furthermore, Beale (2011) talked about that animation may be made in PowerPoint program with a purpose to catch college students’ consideration from their studying.

Farkas (2005) developed the attribute of slide presentation in order to offer standards for writing bullet factors and suggests the reason why presenters embrace extra textual content on their slides so on and so forth. The attribute of PowerPoint program as described under:

Part Slides (Part Titles).

Part slides often correspond to the weather of the preview slide-though every sort of slide could also be used with out the opposite. Just like the preview slide, part slides reveal construction, and collectively the preview slide and part slides comprise the highest degree of the deck’s logical hierarchy (Farkas, 2009). The textual content have to be correctly sized (Rickman and Grudzinzki, 2000). Holzl (1997) recommends the usage of a 32 level font for headings and a 24 level font for the textual content in school rooms with fewer than 50 seats; and a 36 level font for headings and a 28 level font for textual content in school rooms between 50 and 200 seats. For max legibility, Holzl (1997) recommends the usage of the sans serif fonts (comparable to Arial) as a result of their uniform line thickness makes them simpler to learn. He additionally suggests the usage of not more than two totally different fonts per presentation (one for headings and one for textual content). Moreover these fundamental ideas of PowerPoint attribute, there are a variety of have-to-know parts as said within the subsequent paragraph.

Slide Title.

Virtually all slide layouts make use of a couple of strains slide title, which is most frequently adopted by an inventory of bullet factors. This in flip provides the title of the slide.

Slide Headings.

Sometimes, the slide title is adopted by a slide heading, a number of bullet factors, one other slide heading, and a number of other extra bullet factors as it’s referred to as sub heading (Doumont, 2005).

Bullet Factors.

Bullet factors signify the bottom structural degree of the hierarchy. The function of a bullet level is to briefly state an concept that the presenter will gloss over. Bullet factors encompass structural, which means and it have to be transient with the key phrase presenting on PowerPoint slide presentation (Parker, 2001).

Displays.

Once more, Parker (2001) indicated that the reveals can embrace graphics (diagrams, graphs, tables, and pictures) in addition to movement graphics (video and animation sequences). Displays can also embrace equations, quotations, and different key textual content parts.

Ornamental Graphics.

Ornamental graphics usually seem all through the deck as a visible transparency on the slide background. For instance, a slide background may embrace a refined computer-chip

picture to Help categorical a high-tech theme or a recent inexperienced leaf to recommend nature picture (Farkas, 2009).

Physique Textual content.

Physique textual content consists of the element. It could actually seem wherever under the slide title. There are acceptable makes use of for physique textual content (Bellamy & McLean, 2002).

Lecturer Attitudes on methods to use PowerPoint successfully

Too typically lecturers fail to acknowledge that every pupil has a singular model of studying (Dunn and Dunn, 1978) and totally different strengths based on a number of of Gardner’s concept on “a number of intelligences” (Armstrong, 1994; Gardner, 1983). For a lot of lecturers, PowerPoint slide units have change into essentially the most helpful means in offering college students with examination preparation (Frey and Birnbuam, 2002). Dewhurst and Williams (1998) recommend that the PowerPoint studying surroundings used of their research was as efficient as conventional lectures in disseminating factual data. Holt et al., (1993) concluded that college students and lecturers discovered the computer-based supply (the usage of PowerPoint) straightforward and efficient to make use of and valued the course extra extremely than conventional lectures. Nevertheless, Susskind (2005) carried out a research that indicated no vital distinction amongst supply kinds of PowerPoint inside the usage of this program.

Abstract

To my remark of lessons from my college, formal, and casual establishments, I discovered that PowerPoint is the preferred software program in giving the projection for classroom instructing and studying. On this research, I imagine that PowerPoint is so highly effective in transferring the information and key ideas for studying when successfully used. That is supported by Harknett and Cobane (1997) who discovered that visible emphasis in PowerPoint helps college students recall the supplies.

Chapter Three

Strategies

On this chapter, methodological data for the research might be launched. The primary a part of this chapter centered on the analysis design in order to assemble a effectively developed knowledgeable methodology for responded this research. The scale and approach for figuring out contributors on this research are described within the second part. Third, the researcher will describe the device for use for knowledge assortment and the fourth is the method of information assortment. Within the final part, I focus on a number of the moral issues.

Analysis Design

To conduct this research, I plan to pilot my questionnaire designed to explain the present apply of lecturers’ PowerPoint utilization of their actual classroom instructing and studying inside two schools at College X. By utilizing this methodology, it should additionally reveal a much bigger image in reply to the issues that problem the apply.

On this analysis research, the next use of sampling, knowledge assortment strategies, energy and limitation of every methodology and the moral consideration of the information assortment course of might be going to mentioned in better element in order to get an enormous image.

Pattern dimension and Sampling approach

This analysis research might be carried out utilizing type of comfort and purposive sampling strategies wherein the situation of research will happen inside College X the place I’ve labored. I suggest lecturers from two totally different schools; the Data Communication Expertise (ICT) school and the English Language school.

Comfort pattern.

The required pattern dimension has been obtained and people who occur to be obtainable and accessible on the time is effectively knowledgeable prematurely for both contributors and researcher’s comfort and availability of time. It’s going to even be straightforward to conduct this research because the contributors can be found and voluntary to take part as a result of identical place are taken for this research. Thus, the participation each from lecturers and college students are comfy in reaching.

Purposive sampling.

The pattern has been chosen for a particular goal: on this research, a gaggle of lecturers and college students from each schools (ICT & English) at 12 months 2 of the College X might be chosen because the analysis is finding out the efficient use of PowerPoint presentation between workers of those two schools. Just a few lecturers of every school might be chosen purposefully in regard with the instructing expertise and gender vary.

Knowledge assortment instruments

The instruments I plan to make use of for knowledge assortment are researcher-designed questionnaires, focus teams, and remark. With these instruments for knowledge assortment, there might be a variety of information that might be helpful for answering the questions of this analysis undertaking. As well as, the instruments being use on this research are categorized in two methods of conducting. First, lecturers would be the focus level for the research. Second, college students additionally might be concerned in order to uncover extra responsive and dependable knowledge.

Questionnaires.

I plan to make use of closed-ended questions within the questionnaire for these research that are most likely the sort with which most contributors are acquainted. One of these questionnaire is used to generate statistics in quantitative analysis. As talked about by Smith (2007) questionnaires comply with a set format, and a few may be scanned straight into a pc for ease of research and better numbers may be produced. There isn’t any affect from the researcher in direction of their contributors via this course of. There’s, nevertheless, a priority over the speed of information accumulating return because of the contributors’ laziness in checking the questionnaire (Anderson & Arsenaulth, 1998).

Focus group dialogue.

Arksey and Knight (1999) instructed that having multiple contributors current can present two variations of occasions – a crosscheck – and one can complement the opposite with further factors, resulting in a extra full and dependable file. This device may be very helpful so far as security and safe is worried. It is a protected device for the contributors to contain within the dialogue as a gaggle of small variety of folks. Furthermore, the concept from the contributors will pop up throughout the dialogue and participant may even have the ability to assume out of the field with much less time consuming evaluating to different knowledge assortment instruments. Nevertheless, contributors could not get entangled altogether since there may be restricted of time obtainable for them.

Remark.            

Robson (2002) said that what folks do could differ from what they are saying they do, and remark gives a actuality test; remark additionally allows a researcher to look afresh at on a regular basis contributors’ motion. Furthermore, observational knowledge are delicate to contexts and reveal a really sturdy validity (Moyles, 2002). Conversely, there’s a limitation on the privateness of the classroom remark since college students and lecture could really feel uncomfortable within the class being noticed. That is in step with the research of Silverman (1993).

Knowledge assortment course of

This stage entails with the method of accumulating knowledge for supporting proof. I’ll use the above-mentioned strategies together with questionnaire, focus group dialogue and remark with a purpose to gather the necessary knowledge from the sphere of research. Furthermore, I’ll break the contributors into two classes. The primary class might be used to primarily give attention to lecturers. Whereas, the second class might be pupil oriented. In that sense, there might be a legitimate for the research (Gronlund, 1981).

Moral Concerns

Though, I work as a full time workers on the College X, so far as moral consideration is worried, I’ll ask for the letter of advice from the Royal College of Phnom Penh (RUPP) with a purpose to get the entry for the permission to conduct the research at College X. As a common rule, nevertheless, knowledgeable consent is a vital precept. It’s this precept that may kind the premise of relationship between the researcher and the researched and can function a fundamental begin on which subsequent moral issues may be structured. All of the contributors might be requested to voluntarily and willingly be concerned on this research. I’ll, furthermore, use two methods to get the data from the contributors. To start with, I plan to make use of a drop field methodology which there might be an A4 sized field in order that contributors can drop their accomplished questionnaire papers in and I’ll preserve my eyes away from it in order to keep away from participant identification. Second, I’ll ask college students within the classroom to straight give me the title and call for the permission of participation involving in group dialogue.