What lead formerly incarcerated people to homelessness?
1) Methods of Data Analysis
2) Explain the how you will analyze the data step by step.
3) Writing Up of Study Findings
4) What are the study findings? Use this section to summarize the findings for your reader.
6) Implications of Study Findings
a. Please list two (2) of the implications of these study findings for social workers and or the social work profession.
7) Study Limitations
a. What were two (2) limitations of this study? Please explain what it is about these limitations that makes them a limitation.
8 Reference Page (APA Style)
Ten (8) scholarly references, with three (3) of the sources being studies, six, and the final, tenth source being about the theory you are using in the research question.
What lead formerly incarcerated people to homelessness?
1. The Research Question
.The central question in the study is What lead formerly incarcerated people to be homeless?. The question is among the most asked questions and a more significant issue in the criminal justice system, especially with the high rate of incarceration and release daily (Chavez, 2020). However, the research paper provides an analysis and discusses findings from the study, which Help in developing ways that Help in preventing homelessness among formerly incarcerated individuals.
2) Methods of Data Analysis
The category of data analysis is qualitative data analysis, which is more open to more subjective interpretation from readers, especially on the response from people who have participated in data collection. The type of data analysis method used in the study is sentimental analysis, which Helps in sorting the data and understanding the information provides.
The goal of the analysis process is to interpret various emotions in the data through an emotional detection technique. Additionally, the analysis method focus on the interpretation of opinions from people, which may be neutral, positive, or negative concerning homelessness among formerly incarcerated persons (Chavez, 2020). Another technique used in the sentimental analysis is an aspect-based sentimental analysis of a particular aspect of the issue, such as how impactful the issue is towards women and people who had been incarcerated for various offenses, such as sexual assault or murder.
2. Explain how you will analyze the data step by step.
The sentimental data analysis method follows several steps that Help in completing the overall analysis process (Hao, et, al., 2020). Some of the steps used include collecting data, processing text data, text vectorization, logistic regression sentimental analysis, and using a Heroku model, known as the python f; ask web application. The first step of collecting data involved searching for new articles on the websites concerning the homelessness of formerly incarcerated individuals, such as Couloute, (2018) article. The information collected was mainly concerned with homelessness and what leads to homelessness among the formerly incarcerated people (Remster, 2021). The second stage is the processing of text data stage, where the tool used is spacey, with several codes, and use of pandas to read the data provided.
The processing of text s involved evaluating the articles researched concerning homelessness in formerly incarcerated individuals through the standard text mining technique to derive practical and meaningful information from data. Other techniques used in processing data include tokenization, lemmatization, and removing stop-words. Tokenization involves breaking texts into sentences, which Helps in examining words that frequently appear in the article, such as incarceration and homelessness (Remster, 2021). Text processing is the essential step in the analysis method, together with other processes.
Text vectorization, in this stage, various vectorizers were used, such as the corpus, which Helps in making several observations of the new article. Another vectorizer is the count vectorizer which extracts information from the word count and Helps in transforming the document into a vector. Counter vectorizer conducts two significant steps, the fitting process, and the transformation process, where each unique word is identified in the document.
Sentimental analysis of homelessness in formerly incarcerated people is the final step. The process involves evaluating both negative and positive sentiments concerning the issue and binary classification of the process. The project aims to identify the leading cause of homelessness among formerly incarcerated individuals; the text data are used to predict future issues and develop solutions towards the issue (Chavez, 2020). Data was also collected from a research article concerning Michigan prisoners, concerning housing security, and homelessness. Also, the article consisted of information concerning the leading causes of homelessness, such as employment, based on the Michigan unemployment insurance (Chavez, 2020). Apart from the sentimental analysis, the study team conducted a descriptive analysis concerning the instability and role of paroles in homelessness among formerly incarcerated individuals. The sentimental analysis used the logistic regression model.
Study Finding
Legal issues
Community supervision and residential instability
Collateral consequences of the involvement of the criminal justice system
Market for low-income housing
4) What are the study findings? Use this section to summarize the findings for your reader.
According to the findings from content analysis, formerly incarcerated people are nearly ten times more likely to be homeless. According got the study, the rate of homelessness for formerly incarcerated people is two hundred and fifty per ten thousand people, where some people were housed in hotels and motels after having nowhere to live (Remster, 2021). According to the content study, women of color were more likely to be homeless and people who had been incarcerated more than one time compared to those who had been incarcerated only once. According got the findings; there are several causes of homelessness of formerly incarcerated people becoming homeless.
According to the findings, nearly seven hundred thousand people in the united states return home from prions, while nine million people are released from county jails. The high incarceration rate in the united states leads to a high rate of released persons, leading to more economic and social problems, such as unemployment and homelessness (Adler, 2021). The high rate of homelessness towards the formerly incarcerated people leads to high pressure and struggle for resources in the society, together with people who were not incarcerated (Remster, 2021).
One of the causes of homelessness is lack of affordable housing and lack of housing stability, which is caused by a low market for low-income housing in the united states that can cater for the released, which have a low budget apart from lack of affordable housing other resources are still limited towards the formerly incarcerated people, especially those under parole. Most of the time, the people under parole supervision expect to house by the department (Adler, 2021). Very few are provided with emergency houses because most organizations feel that the people are still criminals, hence not safe to accommodate or provide houses the underlying risk.
The involvement with the criminal justice system has collateral consequences, especially being released as a released sex offender has a significant impact on getting housing after release (Shinn, and Khadduri, 2020). Ex-sex offenders are expected to live in houses approved by the parole officer, where most of the time due to negligence, the parole officer does not provide the houses, or the system lacks the funds for the services. Inadequate funds from the parole community providers is still a significant problem discovered in the study.
The department is expected t offer other forms of treatment post-release, which should be accompanied by housing (Adler, 2021). Other offenders, such as those convicted of methamphetamine production, are banned from living in public houses and sex offenders, hence expect houses from the system, since getting a private house and being accepted back in the community is challenging due to public safety.
Community supervision and residential instability are other causes of homelessness, caused mainly by a lack of management and organization from parole institutions. Getting a place to live after release is based on several social issues, according to the local board of social services, for instance, some of the conditions considered by the organization is whether the person is on temporary Helpance for the needy families (TANF), whether the released have children or if they are single (Adler, 2021). However, having a bit challenging becomes a big challenge for most organizations to offer help due to the added need for resources and space.
Apart from legal barriers, formerly incarcerated persons find it challenging to get housing due to societal discrimination against people with a criminal record. The discrimination is real, especially among women, especially those incarcerated for felony cases, such as murder cases and sex assault (Shinn, and Khadduri, 2020). Most of the time, the society does not want to be associated with the released; hence does not provide houses or allow the released to stay in the same neighborhood. The discrimination, however, goes to the extent of not getting resources, and other basic needs, such as food.
The challenge of a released person to get and maintain stable employment is very challenging, hence difficult for the individuals to pay and cater for house bills, especially if the family members and the society has disowned or discriminated against the individuals (Adler, 2021). According to the study, being insecurely homeless is the same as being homeless, especially to those provided with public spaces where there Is no freedom; hence they can quickly get into criminal activities.
6) Implications of Study Findings
The findings have a significant impact on understanding public Helpance and the welfare of the re-entering society after incarceration. The study Helps in understanding how former prisoners struggle to get housing and housing insecurities faced by the individuals (Harm, and Bell, 2021). Additionally, the study Helps in coming up with policies and strategies to provide shelter and Helpance to the released individuals. Since unemployment and lack of public trust are the main issues, the study Helps in getting a platform. The parole officers and other experts can provide training pre-release, especially on how to survive after release (Harm, and Bell, 2021). Most of the time, the incarcerated are not aware of life outside the bars, making most of them fall into depression, mental health issues, and even relapse to drug abuse and other types of crimes.
The study is impactful towards the government, especially in providing a broad market of houses for low-income earners and people with no place to live, such as the formerly incarcerated persons (Shinn, and Khadduri, 2020). Affordable housing is significant, especially for the released, since they have no employment or financial stability to pay for large sums of money for housing (Couloute, 2018). On the other hand, the study provides a gateway to more research, especially concerning the impacts of homelessness on the formerly incarcerated, such as criminality and drug use. The study is a critical study that Helps in pleading and airing issues that face former;y released persons in the society, especially stigma, and discrimination, which is the biggest issue (Shinn, and Khadduri, 2020). The trier other research studies, especially considering that the area does not have many research materials that show the challenges the formerly incarcerated people face.
Social workers and social work professionals play an essential role in preventing homelessness among formerly incarcerated persons (Duvnjak, Stewart, Young, and Turvey, 2021). The study enlightened social workers on the problem at hand and provided gaps and information on how they can Help in reducing and preventing homelessness among formerly incarcerated individuals (Couloute, 2018). For instance, the social workers can provide social support and services, which Help the homeless access health services, and social services, which would Help in improving their physical health, and mental health (Duvnjak, Stewart, Young, and Turvey, 2021). On the other hand, the social workers can provide tangible support, such as money for getting a house, food, and other material resources to Help the homeless in starting a living (Couloute, 2018). Social work professionals can offer other services: emotional support, self-esteem, belongingness support, advice, and indulging the individuals into various activities that Help in releasing stress.
7) Study Limitations
The study faced several limitations when getting data and analyzing data from various scholarly sources. One error brought about by the use of different articles that require relational analysis tends to be exhausting and time-consuming. Sentimental analysis however is irrational, since different people have different opinions about why formerly incarcerated people are homeless, and whether the issue is caused by the parole institutions.
References
Adler, R. H. (2021). The Nexus of Homelessness and Incarceration: The Case of Homeless Men in Trenton, NJ. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 10608265211005084.
Batko, S., Gillespie, S., Ballard, K., Cunningham, M., Poppe, B., & Metraux, S. (2020). Alternatives to Arrests and Police Responses to Homelessness.
Chavez, D. (2020). Post Incarceration: A Pathway to Homelessness.
Cohen, R., Yetvin, W., & Khadduri, J. (2019). Understanding encampments of people experiencing homelessness and community responses: Emerging evidence as of late 2018. Available at SSRN 3615828.
Couloute, L. (2018). Nowhere to go: Homelessness among formerly incarcerated people. Prison Policy Initiative.
Duvnjak, A., Stewart, V., Young, P., & Turvey, L. (2021). How does Lived Experience of Incarceration Impact Upon the Helping Process in Social Work Practice?: A Scoping Review. The British Journal of Social Work.
Hao, J. X., Fu, Y., Hsu, C., Li, X., & Chen, N. (2020). Introducing news media sentiment analytics to residents’ attitudes research. Journal of Travel Research, 59(8), 1353-1369.
Harm, A. L., & Bell, C. (2021). Teaching beyond the Textbook: Integrating Formerly Incarcerated Individuals into Criminal Justice Learning Environments. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 32(1), 126-142.
Lee, G. T., Kim, C. O., & Song, M. (2020). Semi-supervised sentiment analysis method for online text reviews. Journal of Information Science, 0165551520910032.
Moschion, J., & Johnson, G. (2019). Homelessness and incarceration: A reciprocal relationship?. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 35(4), 855-887.
O’Regan, K. M., Ellen, I. G., & House, S. (2021). How to Address Homelessness: Reflections from Research. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693(1), 322-332.
Remster, B. (2021). Homelessness among formerly incarcerated men: Patterns and predictors. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 693(1), 141-157.
Salem, B. E., Hudson, A. L., Yadav, K., Lucas, J., Toyama, J., Chen, S., … & Nyamathi, A. M. (2020). Correlates of posttraumatic stress symptoms among formerly incarcerated, homeless women. Issues in mental health nursing, 41(8), 713-722.
Salem, B. E., Kwon, J., Ekstrand, M. L., Hall, E., Turner, S. F., Faucette, M., & Slaughter, R. (2021). Transitioning into the Community: Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators Experienced By Formerly Incarcerated, Homeless Women During Reentry—A Qualitative Study. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(4), 609-621.
Salem, B. E., Kwon, J., Ekstrand, M. L., Hall, E., Turner, S. F., Faucette, M., & Slaughter, R. (2021). Transitioning into the Community: Perceptions of Barriers and Facilitators Experienced By Formerly Incarcerated, Homeless Women During Reentry—A Qualitative Study. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(4), 609-621.
Shinn, M., & Khadduri, J. (2020). In the Midst of Plenty: Homelessness and what to Do about it. John Wiley & Sons.
