The Green Theory
1- Plan ( 250 words).
2-Criminological Theory, Policy and Practice ( 500 words).
3- Overview of the Chosen Area ( 500 words).
4- Relevance to Criminal Justice Policy and Practice ( 500- 750 words).
5- Critical Assessment ( 500-750 words).
6- Conclusion ( 250 words)
use books, book chapters/entries and journal articles in the sources.
The Green Theory
Introduction
The green theory originates from international efforts in environmental cooperation, which focus on various regimes. The birth of green theory originates from nature conservation and preservation of land. Collective actions are taken against people who violate environmental laws, which is a political movement made (South, Brisman, and Beirne, 2013, page, 43-58). The green theory uses various case studies of people to understand the relationship between living organisms and the environment as well as the economy. Leaders employ multiple tactics in maintenance and respect of the situation through public relations. The paper explains the green theory of criminology in depth.
Plan
Green criminology is a branch of criminology that involves the study of crimes against the environment, including the review of laws and policies, cooperate crimes as well as environmental justice from a criminology perspective. The green theory currently studies in higher institutions, which has been included in the curriculum. The argument is featured in most fields and supported by many groups such as the international green criminology working group, which focuses on environmental crimes and criminal justice, which is being studied to enhance stability and a clear understanding of the relationship between people and the environment. Inmates in prison and those in probation are currently involved in green criminology justice.
The theory was first introduced as a political and economical approach political by the study of environmental crimes, which have extended further. The green theory is radical in two ways, which include instead of concentrating on law-breaking, the method investigates the causes and reputations of the crime committed to the environment regardless of the legality (South, Brisman, and Beirne, 2013, page, 43-58). The theory also is concerned with the harm caused by animals and plants. Plants and animals are essential to society, but most people have neglected living organisms. The green theory has brought about justice in the field of criminology by focusing on harm caused on the endangered species as well as focusing on organized crimes in animal and plant trafficking.
Criminological Theory, Policy and Practice
The theory of criminology was first introduced in 1990 by Michael Lynch and went ahead to Nancy Frank and Michael, who wrote a book about the green theory in 1992. The term became widely known and was used by many scholars and publishers of journals, for instance, a journal on theoretical criminology, which was edited by Berne in 1998. Since then, the green theory of criminology has expanded (Lynch, Stretesky,and Long, 2018 ,page 318-341). Since the theory was originally a political, economic theory, the political perspective of green harm and justice s examined to have a broader understanding of the environmental challenges and their relationship to the political economy.
The theory was extended by Paul B, which was written as an article in critical criminologists. Through the section, the scholars went ahead and applied the knowledge of green criminology to environmental fairness. Lynch and Stretesky studied the distribution of environmental hazards, together with the implementation of environmental justice. Lynch worked with many scholars from Michael A. long and Kimberly Barret Where a new concerned came up about the structural effect of the treadmill, which created the green crime (Lynch, Stretesky, and Long, 2018, page,318-341 ). The treadmill production was owned by Allan Achanaiberg, who was an ecological Marxism and sociology of environmental issues. The scholars used scientific knowledge as well as environmental information.
Policies and practices of the green theory of criminology uses various procedures to address and monitor environmental pollution and injustices. Policies and practices are based on ecological wisdom, social justice, democracy, as well as sustainability. The ideas that governments have used in implementing the policies and practices include socialism and capitalism (Tienhaara, and Downie, 2019). Where globalization has replaced the natural environment and cultural practices by focusing on the modernization and referring green as “dirt.”
Maintaining individual health is an essential policy through restricting and curbing environmental pollution, especially the dumping of garbage in the water, as well as on the surface (Gibbs,et,al.,2009, page 124-144 ). Litter and plastic waste have affected the environment where the chemicals in the trash, especially the non-biodegradable waste, have led to stunted growth in plants, which has transformed the animal’s source of food. Human health is essential, which originates from taking care of the environment.
The international cooperation, also known as the green parties, has urged the government from various countries to restrict subsidizing the company’s waste resources to pollute the natural environment. Waste products from companies consist of chemicals where others are cancerous, affecting our eco-systems (Tienhaara, and Downie, 2019). The waste products contain mercury and other hazardous substances which flow to water resources affecting the living organisms in water, such as the fish. Waste products from industries have affected human beings, animals as well as plants, for instance, the current rampant cases of cancer.
The green crime movement has secured places for the endangered species, for instance, the white rhinos, white giraffes, and others. The endangered species are located by the use of geographical information systems and detectors to know their location (McClanahan, 2018, page 443-446). The endangered species is a target for many organized groups where their parts are taken for sale. Criminals caught poaching and trafficking the animal parts are caught and prosecuted accordingly for environmental injustices.
Deforestation has been a global concern in most parts, especially in Africa, where cutting down trees without replacement is a crime (McClanahan, 2018 ,page 443-446 ). Trees are habitat to most animals as well as have a significant effect on the eco-system, for instance, the hydrological cycle. Criminals cutting down trees are punished accordingly as well as cutting down trees is currently authorized by the forestry and federal agencies where, after cutting trees, replanting is encouraged.
global cooperation between the green parties has grown with the aim to bring about environmental justice, which has worked in various parts, especially politically bringing done organized groups such as the eco-mafias, the Chernobyl and the Fukushima. Environmental crime first originated from the established groups where the type of crime is considered as the white-collar crime only conducted by people under the power, especially animal trafficking.
Overview
Green crime originates from the green theory of criminology, which is described as a crime against the environment, which is strictly related to globalization. Green crimes are a more significant threat to eco-system globally (White, 2012). The green crimes or rather a green criminologist are carried out by various organized groups such as the Chernobyl disaster, which includes Canada America and Japan.
The type of organized group behind the green crime consists of the eco-mafia, where environmental injustice has not been given much emphasis compared to other forms of injustices (Brisman,and South, 2019). The rapid increase in technological innovations and new food processing has increased the rate of green crimes. The risks involved to endanger the ecosystem have led to critical results to humanity, for instance, the effect of climate change due to various factors together with global warming.
The green criminology scholars studied the pattern of environmental lawbreaking, which has been identified to be a crime of dominant groups. Traditional criminologists have included pollution as a legal action of breaking environmental law (Gibbs,et,al.,2009, page 124-144). Green Criminology believes that any action that harms the environment being legal or illegal is a crime.
Different states have different laws concerning green criminology; therefore, green criminology has used global beliefs on environmental crimes to bring about justice through global cooperation. Green criminology views the relationship between human beings and the environment being interdependent where various environmental harm affects humans, as well as the damage caused to humans, alters the environment (Hall, M., 2014, page, 129-143 ).
Green crime is divided into primary and secondary types of crime. Central crime is those crimes that lead to originate directly from land degradation and misuse of the earth’s resources, for instance, effects on the endangered species through poaching and trafficking of animal parts. Other examples include the release of waste materials from companies as well as the use of inorganic herbicides, which affects human beings and animals (Hall, M., 2014, page 129-143).
Secondary green crime is those harms that originate from violating environmental rules; for instance, the government use of ships that leak fuel into the water as well as government industries releasing chemical effluent into the environment.State responsibility, as well as global policies, involves implementing the use of energy-saving methods instead of burning fuels or using techniques that would emit carbon iv oxide in the atmosphere (Brisman, and South, 2015, page 127-151). The global efforts have been achieving, although in developed countries where transportation and industries are using eco-friendly ways, therefore not affecting human beings, animals, and plants.
The global framework against green crimes has come up with strict law enforcement methods and a justice system to bring about environmental justice. The caught criminals are arrested and prosecuted, especially though caught trafficking the endangered species such as elephant trucks and horns from white rhinos.
Other policies include reusing and recycling waste products where recycling companies are in place, for instance, those recycling bottles and polythene bags (Brisman, and South, 2015, page 127-151). Forest agencies, in conjunction with the green movement, has laid down policies such as afforestation and strict measures to those caught cutting down trees or causing forest fires. Green criminology is now a global concern where due to the extinction of various animals and plant species, nations are concerned about the ecosystem where cooperation between the international organizations, political leaders, and the state members is experienced worldwide through campaigns and awareness programs.
Relevance to Criminal Justice Policy and Practice
The rise of green crime or environmental crimes has led to the implementation of policies and practices with the help of international organizations to combat practices such as illegal trafficking of wildlife (Davies, 2017,page 465-471). Various collaborations include the United Nations counter-terrorism, which has also fought illicit smuggling of drugs, weapons, and endangered wildlife. More efforts are in place in the fight against green crime as well as international organizations. Still, more emphasis is laid on minor offenses such as deforestation, pollution, littering, and so on.
The attacks are not necessarily insignificant, but the most severe and rampant environmental crimes are spared and not brought to justice (Tienhaara, and Downie, 2019). Organized crimes till now are not still part of ordinary offenses brought to the criminal court but are the type of crimes that are spared and hidden from citizens.
According to reports, the various groups selected to fight green crimes and effectively apply the policies are involved in organized crimes by the help of the high power and more significant influence in society — the need for proper information systems in high, especially in Interpol and other organizations (Mayer, 2019, page, 7-23). Groups and nations are being influenced in the organized crime where the rise of transnational environmental crime smuggling networks is high globally with the policies and criminal justice system in place. Illicit trafficking does not only include drugs and human trafficking but also trafficking of ivory and rhino horns.
The growth rate of green crimes has been related to the gross domestic product of countries such as Asia, where the rise is quite high even with the substantial global fight of environmental justice. In countries such as Indonesia, the increase in deforestation and timber trafficking is on the rise, which has affected the economy and endangered animal and human life (Davies, 2017,page 465-471). The united nation security council has fought organized green crime and still concerned about the increase of crimes regardless of mitigating environmental crimes.Green crime poses a significant threat to security, economy, and development in state countries.
According to the rise of green crimes and extinction of species as well as the dying ecosystem, policies, and practices of criminal justice is irrelevance (Lynch, M. and Stretesky, P., 2018 ,page ,318-341). Criminal justice has concentrated more on corruption related to other laws such as theft, murder, and so on. Still, less emphasis is put on the green crimes and effects of globalization. Industries owned by the government are running normally, releasing toxic effluent to water bodies as well as poisonous gases in the environment. Pollution has not yet been considered a huge problem, although most countries have replaced the use of polythene bags with cotton and other degradable materials.
There are various causes of green crimes that need mitigation before implementing policies and practices against green crimes. For instance, poverty, poverty is an economic issue that has led to crimes not only green crimes but other types of crimes. Illicit traffickers or rather the organized groups require drivers as well as human resources during the process (Mayer, 2019, page, 7-23). Most poor people, especially from Africa and India, are recruited hence increasing the rate of crimes. Solving problems such as financing the organized groups, employment, and creating awareness could reduce and mitigate the rise of green crime and the policies applied would be valid.
The green economy does not only affect the nature but also security in the areas affected. The efforts of criminal justice have been practical, especially in curbing pollution by arresting an ignorant individual who litter everywhere, poachers, especially in lakes, arresting those involved in deforestation as well as mishandling of wildlife. The biggest question how and when will the organized groups be caught and environmental justice applied to innocent animals and plant species?
Assessment
Green criminology focuses on the global environment where strengths and weaknesses arise. There are no clear laws about green crimes because not all environmental harms are considered as a crime, for instance, cooking by use of firewood as well as industries release of toxic gases in the atmosphere (White, and Graham, 2015,page 845-865). Environmental harms which are regarded as the legal effect of the environment compared to those considered legal.
Global warming and climate change have been a global issue that has affected almost all parts of the word (Lynch, and Stretesky, 2018, page, 318-341). Climate change has caused drought, flooding, extinction of plants, and many more, which is brought about by the release of excess carbon iv oxide or instead caused by human activities considered not to be a crime. The use of motor vehicles, especially in Africa, has widely affected the environment causing global warming, which is a big injustice to nature.
Defination of green laws would be quite useful where the government and other stakeholders should focus on curbing certain and ignorant human activities affecting the environment, although green criminology has a comprehensive list of strengths, for instance, policy implementation — global fight of organized green crimes, creating awareness, and many more. Green criminology has considered the increasing environmental issues and the cause of the problems, for instance, globalization.
The need to address and curb the issue is the most crucial part of green criminology, as well as a close relationship between humans and the environment. Human beings and the environment are interrelated (White, and Graham, 2015, page 845-865). Human nature needs the environment for survival in terms of oxygen for breathing and a source of food. More so, the background uses carbon IV oxide from human to make food as well as rely on human beings for care and support. The two are dependent on each other. Therefore, any harm subjected to the environment would affect social; consequently, it is essential to curb the situation.
The green criminology has laid more emphasis on the harm caused to the environment instead of legally defining green crime. Defining green crime would reduce the levels of damage caused by the environment through the ability to understand what is wrong and right. The criminal justice system has as well relied on political and economic aspects to define and mitigate green crime. Political and moral statements are considered in determining what is right or wrong according to green criminology. The degree of criminality is measured by the use of the damage caused to the environment, for instance, poaching, deforestation, and wildlife trafficking.
Every person does policymaking in green criminology from members of the state to the global international organizations. The policies are expected to be implemented by the state authority, where every person follows the rules and regulations about maintaining environmental justice. Various agencies such as come together to ensure a reduction in green crimes.
Over the years the green criminology has Helped curb ecological problems, which has reduced the number of animal death as well as emission, especially with the rise in modernization (Brisman, and South, 2015, page127-151). Frequent reviewing of criminal justice policies towards green criminology is of importance, publicity, creating relevance in the plans made, as well as consistency in the green crime laws and regulations to enhance effective measures and respect towards the law. The illicit trafficking of wildlife is still on the rise in various countries, regardless of the green criminology initiatives.
Conclusion
The green theory of criminology was first proposed in 1990 by which has expanded significantly and supported by various international groups in criminal justice and environmental justice initiatives. Crime, law, and justice are the primary concerns in green criminology. The theory has initially been a political, economic theory where the approach was defined through capitalism and the relationship of how green crimes affect the economy.
Green criminology has applied empirical analysis and scientific knowledge in determining green crimes. Green crimes are more common in various states, which involves human and plant abuse through poaching, wildlife abuse, international trafficking of wildlife, and many more. Many theories such as the organized crime theory have enabled curb the issue because the green crime is considered as an example of organized crime. The illicit trafficking of wildlife is related to terrorism and drug trafficking, which has been a global issue to security and development.
Globalization has significantly contributed to the rise of green crimes through the use of scientific ideas leading to neglecting cultural values and respect of nature, for instance, eco behaviors such as the production of genetically modified foods and processing of and industrialization, which has led to globalization. Eco-global criminology is connected to the political economy of environmental crimes. Green crimes have no clear definition where most environmental harms are considered illegal, causing a more significant effect on the environment.
Conservation criminology involves conservation measures taken to reduce the level of ecological damage, for instance, the use of energy-saving methods of cooking, afforestation as well as the application of policies to mitigate environmental injustices. Policies and practices of green criminology are not relevant in that most crimes related to the environment, such as the international trafficking of wildlife, are not brought to light. The green criminology has been an effective measure to curb human lives and save nature. The green criminology requires a clear definition in differentiating what is right and wrong in green crimes.
List of References
Brisman, A. and South, N., 2015. An Assessment of Tonry and Farrington? s Four Major Crime Prevention Strategies as Applied to Environmental Crime and Harm. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security (Varstvoslovje), 17(2), pp.127-151.
Brisman, A. and South, N., 2019. A criminology of extinction: Biodiversity, extreme consumption and the vanity of species resurrection. European Journal of Criminology, p.1477370819828307.
Davies, P.A., 2017. Green crime, victimization and justice: A rejoinder. Critical Sociology, 43(3), pp.465-471.
Gibbs, C., Gore, M.L., McGarrell, E.F. and Rivers III, L., 2009. Introducing conservation criminology: Towards interdisciplinary scholarship on environmental crimes and risks. The British Journal of Criminology, 50(1), pp.124-144.
Hall, M., 2014. Environmental harm and environmental victims: Scoping out a ‘green victimology’. International Review of Victimology, 20(1), pp.129-143.
Lynch, M. and Stretesky, P., 2018. Smell the Death, Hear the Cries: Green Victimization and Radical-Green Criminology in the ERA of Global Environmental Collapse. Radical Criminology.
Lynch, M.J., Stretesky, P.B. and Long, M.A., 2018. Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists. Theoretical Criminology, 22(3), pp.318-341.
Lynch, M.J., Stretesky, P.B. and Long, M.A., 2018. Green criminology and native peoples: The treadmill of production and the killing of indigenous environmental activists. Theoretical Criminology, 22(3), pp.318-341.
Mayer, C.H., 2019. The Context: Wildlife and Wildlife Crime in South Africa from a Green Criminology Perspective. In Combating Wildlife Crime in South Africa (pp. 7-23). Springer, Cham.
McClanahan, B., 2018. Thinking and Doing Green Criminology.443-446
South, N., Brisman, A. and Beirne, P., 2013. A guide to a green criminology. In Routledge international handbook of green criminology (pp. 43-58). Routledge.
Tienhaara, K. and Downie, C., 2019. Green theory and the G20. In The G20 and International Relations Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing.
White, R. and Graham, H., 2015. Greening justice: Examining the interfaces of criminal, social and ecological justice. British Journal of Criminology, 55(5), pp.845-865.
White, R. ed., 2012. Climate change from a criminological perspective. Springer Science & Business Media.
