Biol 313/314
Spring 2016
Examination three Research Information
Neural Crest
What germ layer are neural crest cells derived from? What are some
tissues derived from Neural crest cells? Be conversant in traits of
neural crest cells.
Be conversant in how neural crest cells are in a position
to provide rise to completely different cell sorts (eg they are mulitpotent, the migrate to
new positions)
EMT and neural crest cells
How can we decide what cell/tissues are derived
from neural crest cells experimentally? Be typically conversant in neural crest
cells with respect to pigmentation and craniofacial improvement.
Paraxial Mesoderm (major focus is on somites)
What tissues are derived from Paraxial Mesoderm?
What gene class controls patterning of the
somites alongside the A-P axis? What are the traits of somites?
Be conversant in some tissues derived from
somites and the way somites are patterned.
Be conversant in the processes of endochondrial
ossification- what varieties of bones develop this manner?
Be conversant in improvement of the vertebrae.
Intermediate Mesoderm (urogenital system, major focus is on Kidney)
Be conversant in development of kidney
improvement, what phases are transient and the place does the grownup kidney come
from?
Be conversant in specification of the kidney and
the experiments that demonstrated this. Be conversant in the reciprocal
inductive interactions throughout kidney improvement and the essential steps of kidney
development- you don’t want to memorize the precise molecules concerned.
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
What are some tissues derived from the lateral plate mesoderm?
Be conversant in coronary heart improvement: coronary heart tube,
looping and formation of the chambers are the primary matters.
The Endoderm
What are some tissues that are derived from
endoderm? The primary focus is on the digestive system
How is the digestive tube patterned alongside the A-P axis, typically?
Know that the completely different organs that type from the digestive tube and
the sample of the digestive tube can be attributable to interactions between the
endoderm and lateral plate mesoderm
Know that the lungs type by branching off of the digestive tube.
Limb Growth
How are forelimbs distinguished from hindlimbs?
Biol 313/314
Spring 2016
Know typically how limb buds are induced (you donât should memorize
the precise molecules, however it’s best to perceive conceptually how completely different
molecules operate on this course of)
What is the AER? What axis is it vital for
patterning?
Perceive the function of the AER and the limb
mesenchyme in P-D axis patterning and the experiments used to find these
roles. What is the progress zone?
What is the ZPA and the way does it sample the A-P
axis of the limb? Perceive experiments that demonstrated the operate of the
ZPA and Shh in limb patterning.
How does Shh sample the limb?
What function does apoptosis play in limb
improvement? How is that this completely different in several species?
How do limbs proceed to develop after they are
patterned?
How do limbs cease rising when the animal reaches
its grownup measurement? Be conversant in illness that outcome from misregulation of bone
development.
You sould know the function of FGF signaling by the
AER and the function of SHH signaling by the ZPA.
Perceive how the Retinoic Acid and FGF gradients sample the P-D
limb axis.
How do Hox genes sample the P-D axis of the
limb? What occurs to a limb in the event you delete one of many Hox genes?
Publish embryonic improvement: Metamorphosis and
Regeneration (ageing is not going to be on the ultimate)
Regeneration:
What are the four ways in which regeneration happens,
know an instance of every How do planarians reproduce?
What are neoblasts and what’s their function in
regeneration? What experiments demonstrated that regenerated tissues come from
neoblasts?
What is the wound epithelium? What is the
blastema? Perceive the function of BMP (TGFb) in Dorsal Ventral polarity.
What is the function of Wnt and b-catenin in
planarian regeneration? How will you get an animal that regenerates two heads?
How do salamanders regenerate their limbs?
Perceive the three primary necessities for limb
regeneration.
What is the wound epithelium, blastema, and AEC?
What are their roles in limb regeneration?
Perceive experiments that result in the
understanding of lineage restriction of blastema cells in amphibians.
How do hydras regenerate?
How was the top activator outlined experimentally?
What tissue can act as an organizer in hydra?
How is budding
restricted to the middle of the physique in hydra? What is the function of wnt and b
-catenin in hydra regeneration? How does the mammalian liver regenerate?
Metamorphosis:
Know what direct improvement and oblique
improvement are and know examples of animals that bear every of those sorts
of improvement.
Biol 313/314
Spring 2016
Know the distinction between major and secondary
larva and know some examples. Know some examples of constructions that change
throughout amphibian metamorphosis.
How is metamorphosis triggered in amphibians? In
what methods do tissues reply? Know a number of the examples mentioned.
Is the response of tissues to thyroid hormones location or tissue
particular in amphibians? What are the three completely different ways in which bugs bear
metamorphosis (you wont must recall these phrases, however be capable of acknowledge
them in the event you see them).
Usually, how does drosophila bear metamorphosis?
What are imaginal cells? How do they operate in metamorphosis?
Perceive patterning of the wing imaginal disc.
You must perceive the function of hh, engrailed, dpp in A-P patterning.
Keep in mind that metamorphosis is hormonally
managed in bugs and the way larval molts and the pupal molt differ.
Getting old
Perceive the idea of ageing as part of an
organisms developmental program. Know the function of DNA restore, p53, telomeres,
Insulin signaling and misregulation of DNA methylation in ageing.
Intercourse Willpower
What are a number of the completely different mechanisms that
animals use to find out intercourse? Mammalian Intercourse dedication: Be conversant in
chromosomal intercourse dedication in mammals, major intercourse dedication, secondary
intercourse dedication, the function of SRY. The place does the gonad develop from? (what
germ layer?)
You donât must memorize all of the completely different cell and tissue varieties of
the female and male gonad. Perceive that the ovary and testis develop from a
biopotential gonad and that intercourse dedication directs whether or not the gonad
develops as an ovary or testis
Perceive how SRY
controls intercourse dedication. Know SRY, Sox9, Wnt4, and B-catenin. Secondary intercourse
dedication: basic ideas. Know the hormones that are concerned. Know some
constructions that are affected by secondary intercourse dedication (particularly the
gonadal ducts)
Intercourse Willpower in Drosophila: how does XY
chromosomal intercourse dedication in drosophila differ from mammalian XY
chromosomal intercourse dedication?
Know that there are genes on the X that regulate
Sxl in a dose-dependant means. Know Sxl and Dsx and the way they management male vs
feminine destiny.
What is a
gynandomorph (typically)? What does it inform you about how intercourse is set?
Intercourse Willpower in Birds: How is chromosomal intercourse dedication
related/completely different to chromosomal intercourse dedication in mammals and drosophila?
How does DMRT1 management intercourse dedication in
birds, what gene is it associated to? Environmental Intercourse Willpower: What are
some environmental elements that decide intercourse?
*Experimental information must be understood conceptually.
