What is “Collective Self-Defense” as described in Chapter 11? Is “collective self-defense” legitimate or just a guise for nations to accomplish political agendas? Also discuss two of the three uses of “collective self-defense” discussed in the book and argue whether they were legal under US and International Law (Minimum 300 words).
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“Collective self-defense” refers to the use of military force by one state (or group of states) in defense of another state that is under attack. This concept is outlined in Chapter 11 of the United Nations Charter, which allows for the use of force in certain circumstances, such as when the Security Council has determined that an armed attack has occurred and that the use of force is necessary to restore international peace and security.
The legitimacy of collective self-defense is a complex and controversial issue. Some argue that it is a necessary tool for maintaining international peace and security, particularly in cases where a state is unable or unwilling to protect itself from aggression. Others argue that it is a pretext for nations to pursue their own political agendas, such as regime change or expansion of territory.
One example of the use of collective self-defense is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operation in Kosovo in 1999. The operation was launched to protect Kosovar Albanians from the violence and repression of the Yugoslav government, and to prevent the humanitarian crisis that was unfolding in the region. The operation was authorized by the Security Council, and it was argued that it was necessary to protect the civilian population from the actions of the Yugoslav government, which had been committing war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Another example is the United States-led coalition’s operation in Afghanistan in 2001, in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11. The coalition invoked Article 5 of the NATO treaty, which states that an armed attack on one member state shall be considered an attack on all. The coalition argued that the attacks on September 11 were an armed attack against the United States, and that it was necessary to use force to protect the United States and other coalition members from further attacks.
In both examples, the use of collective self-defense was authorized by the Security Council and it was argued that it was necessary to protect the civilian population and/or to prevent further attacks. However, the legality of the operation is still a matter of debate. Some argue that the operation in Kosovo was illegal as it was not authorized by the Security Council while some argue that it was legal as it was authorized by NATO under the principle of collective self-defense. Similarly, some argue that the operation in Afghanistan was a legal response to the 9/11 attacks, while others argue that it was a pretext for regime change and nation-building.
The concept of collective self-defense is a complex and controversial issue. While it can be used as a tool to maintain international peace and security, it can also be used as a pretext for nations to pursue their own political agendas. The legality of collective self-defense depends on the specific circumstances of each case and whether it was authorized by the Security Council and whether it is necessary to protect the civilian population or prevent further attacks.
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