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Forgiveness and Punishment in Religion and Crime
Forgiveness and punishment are two concepts that are often discussed in relation to religion and crime. How do different religious traditions view the causes of crime, the aims of punishment, and the possibility of forgiveness? How do these views affect the attitudes and actions of believers, criminals, victims, and authorities? In this essay, I will explore some of the religious teachings and ethical arguments on these issues, and their impact and influence in the modern world.
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Causes of Crime
One of the fundamental questions in criminology is why people commit crimes. Different religions have different explanations for the origin of evil intentions and actions, and whether it can ever be good to cause suffering. For example, Christianity teaches that human beings are created in the image of God, but they have a sinful nature that makes them prone to disobey God's laws and harm others. Sin is the root cause of crime, and it can only be overcome by repentance and faith in Jesus Christ, who died for the sins of the world (Romans 3:23-24). Christianity also recognizes that there are other factors that may influence criminal behavior, such as poverty, upbringing, mental illness, addiction, greed, hate, or opposition to an unjust law. However, these factors do not justify or excuse crime, but rather call for compassion and justice (Proverbs 28:5; Micah 6:8).
Other religions have different views on the causes of crime. For instance, Hinduism teaches that human beings are subject to the law of karma, which means that their actions have consequences in this life and the next. Crime is a result of ignorance and attachment to worldly desires, which create bad karma and lead to suffering. The goal of Hinduism is to achieve moksha, or liberation from the cycle of rebirth, by following one's dharma, or duty, according to one's caste and stage of life. Hinduism also acknowledges that there are social and environmental factors that may affect criminal behavior, such as inequality, oppression, or injustice. However, these factors do not negate one's personal responsibility for one's actions, but rather require moral action and social reform (Bhagavad Gita 2:47-48; 4:7-8).
Aims of Punishment
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Another important question in criminology is what are the aims of punishment. Different religions have different perspectives on the purpose and methods of punishing criminals. For example, Islam teaches that human beings are accountable to Allah for their deeds, and that Allah has prescribed specific punishments for certain crimes in the Quran and the Sunnah. These punishments are known as hudud, which means limits or boundaries. They include flogging, amputation, stoning, or death for crimes such as adultery, theft, apostasy, or murder. The aim of these punishments is to deter crime, protect society, uphold Allah's justice, and purify the sinner (Quran 24:2; 5:38; 4:93). Islam also allows for other types of punishments that are not fixed by divine law, such as imprisonment, fines, or restitution. These punishments are known as ta'zir, which means discipline or correction. They are determined by human authorities according to the circumstances and severity of the crime. The aim of these punishments is to reform the criminal, compensate the victim, or prevent further harm (Quran 2:178; 5:45).
Other religions have different views on the aims of punishment. For example, Buddhism teaches that human beings are subject to the law of karma, which means that their actions have consequences in this life and the next. Crime is a result of ignorance and attachment to worldly desires,
which create bad karma and lead to suffering. The goal of Buddhism is to achieve nirvana,
or cessation of suffering,
by following
the Noble Eightfold Path,
which includes right view,
right intention,
right speech,
right action,
right livelihood,
right effort,
right mindfulness,
and right concentration.
Buddhism does not prescribe specific punishments for crimes,
but rather advocates for non-violence,
compassion,
and wisdom.
The aim
of punishment
is
to educate
the criminal,
to rehabilitate
the victim,
or
to restore
the harmony
of society
(Dhammapada 1:3-5; 10:129-130).
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Forgiveness
A final question in criminology is what role does forgiveness play in relation to religion and crime. Different religions have different teachings on the meaning and practice of forgiveness. For example,
Judaism teaches that human beings are accountable to God for their sins,
and that God is merciful and forgiving to those who repent sincerely.
However,
God's forgiveness does not absolve one from human justice or restitution.
The sinner must also seek forgiveness from those whom he or she has wronged,
and make amends for the harm caused.
Forgiveness is not automatic or unconditional,
but rather depends on the repentance and restitution of the offender,
and the willingness and generosity of the victim.
The aim of forgiveness is to heal the relationship between the sinner and God,
the sinner and the victim,
and the sinner and the community
(Leviticus 5:5-6; 6:1-7; Psalm 51).
Other religions have different teachings on forgiveness. For example,
Christianity teaches that human beings are accountable to God for their sins,
and that God is gracious and forgiving to those who repent and believe in Jesus Christ,
who died for the sins of the world.
God's forgiveness is a gift of grace that cannot be earned or deserved.
The sinner is also called to forgive those who have sinned against him or her,
as God has forgiven him or her.
Forgiveness is not optional or conditional,
but rather a command and a duty.
The aim of forgiveness is to reflect God's love and mercy,
to free oneself from bitterness and resentment,
and to promote peace and reconciliation
(Matthew 6:14-15; 18:21-35; Ephesians 4:32).
Conclusion
In conclusion, forgiveness and punishment are two concepts that are often discussed in relation to religion and crime. Different religious traditions have different views on the causes of crime, the aims of punishment, and the possibility of forgiveness. These views affect the attitudes and actions of believers, criminals, victims, and authorities. In the modern world, there are contrasting perspectives on these issues, which may lead to conflict or dialogue, violence or peace, justice or injustice.
Works Cited
Bhagavad Gita. Translated by Eknath Easwaran, Nilgiri Press, 2007.
Dhammapada. Translated by Ananda Maitreya, Parallax Press, 1995.
Leviticus. The Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan, 2011.
Matthew. The Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan, 2011.
Quran. Translated by M.A.S. Abdel Haleem, Oxford University Press, 2008 - Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers.
Psalm. The Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan, 2011.
Ephesians. The Holy Bible, New International Version, Zondervan, 2011.
Rubin, Gabriel, and Meade, Benjamin. write a paper assignment help"Special Issue : Religion and Crime: Forgiveness and Punishment." Religions, vol. 10, no. 1, 2019: 2024 - Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers.
Sumter et al. "Religion and Crime Studies: Assessing What Has Been Learned." Religions, vol. 9, no. 6, 2018: 2024 - Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online.
"Theme E: Religion, Crime and Punishment." AQA GCSE Religious Studies A (8062), AQA, 2016: 2024 - Do my homework - Help write my assignment online.
Zaibert, Leo. "Punishment, Forgiveness, and Mercy." Journal of Law and Religion, vol. 24, no. 2, 2008 - Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers/2009.
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