Patho Section 1
Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction
Atrophy: decrease in size of cells.
Hypertrophy: increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells.
Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Dysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue.
Anaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure.
Neoplasm: tumor.
Cell Damage
Ischemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems.
Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.
Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑ intracellular Na.
Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation, disruption of cell membrane.
Micro-organisms
Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism.
Nutritional Deficits
Cell Death
Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics.
Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.
Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes.
Coagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation.
Caseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy.
Fat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids.
Tissue Damage from Chemicals
Exogenous: from environment.
Endogenous: from inside the body,
Tissue Damage from Physical Agents
Hypothermia: vasoconstriction, ↑ blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock ↓ blood pressure.
Hyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood volume.
Radiation: primarily affects actively dividing cells
Biological Agents
Insects/Animals: direct injection of toxin, transmission of infectious
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Section 1 of Pathology
Function/Dysfunction of Cells and Tissues
Cell atrophy refers to a reduction in cell size.
Hypertrophy is defined as an increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia is defined as a rise in the number of cells.
Metaplasia occurs when one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type.
Dysplasia occurs when cells inside a tissue vary in size and form.
Anaplasia is characterized by undifferentiated cells with varying nuclear and cell structure.
Tumor: a neoplasm.
Cellular Damage
Ischemia is a lack of oxygen caused by respiratory or circulatory issues.
Hypoxia is defined as a decrease in tissue oxygen.
Oxygen deficiency causes decreased energy generation and the loss of the Na pump, which transports intracellular Na.
Temperature causes enzyme deactivation, organelle destruction, protein coagulation, and cell membrane disintegration.
Micro-organisms
Abnormal Metabolites: These are caused by genetic abnormalities or changes in metabolism.
Deficiencies in Nutrition
Death of a Cell
Apoptosis is genetically controlled cell death.
Necrosis is the lysis of a cell, resulting in the leakage of cell components into the blood.
Dead cells are liquefied.
