NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health
Topic 1: Community/Public Health Nursing
Objectives:
Examine the role of the community/public health nurse.
Evaluate the role of community stakeholders as client and community partners.
Discuss the aspects of health promotion in nursing care of populations.
Explain the importance of community resources to planning an intervention.
The role of the community/public health nurse:
The community/public health nurse is a registered nurse who specializes in promoting and protecting the health of individuals, families, and populations. They work in a variety of settings such as community health centers, schools, workplaces, and homes to address health disparities, promote healthy lifestyles, prevent illness, and manage chronic diseases. The role of the community/public health nurse includes:
Assessing the health needs of the community and identifying health problems.
Developing, implementing, and evaluating programs and interventions to improve the health of the community.
Collaborating with community organizations, health care providers, and other stakeholders to address health issues.
Providing health education and counseling to individuals and groups.
Advocating for public policies that promote health and prevent disease.
Conducting research to identify trends and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions.
The role of community stakeholders as client and community partners:
Community stakeholders are individuals and organizations that have an interest in the health and well-being of the community. They can include patients, families, community organizations, local government officials, business leaders, and health care providers. As clients, stakeholders have health needs that require attention and interventions from the community/public health nurse. As community partners, they play a vital role in identifying health issues, developing and implementing interventions, and evaluating outcomes.
Community stakeholders can provide valuable insights into the health concerns of the community and help identify effective strategies for addressing them. They can also provide resources and support for interventions, help raise awareness of health issues, and advocate for policies that promote health.
Aspects of health promotion in nursing care of populations:
Health promotion is a key aspect of nursing care for populations. It involves strategies and interventions aimed at improving health outcomes and preventing disease in a community or population. Some of the aspects of health promotion in nursing care of populations include:
Identifying health risks and promoting healthy behaviors through health education and counseling.
Developing and implementing programs that promote healthy lifestyles, such as exercise and healthy eating.
Providing immunizations and screenings to prevent disease.
Managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension through education, counseling, and medication management.
Advocating for policies that promote health and prevent disease, such as smoke-free environments and access to healthy foods.
The importance of community resources to planning an intervention:
Community resources are essential to planning an effective intervention. These resources can include:
Community-based organizations that provide health services, education, and advocacy.
Local government agencies that can provide funding, support, and resources for interventions.
Health care providers who can offer clinical expertise and resources.
Community members who can provide insights into the health needs and concerns of the population.
By identifying and leveraging community resources, the community/public health nurse can develop interventions that are tailored to the specific needs of the population and are more likely to be effective. Community resources can also help ensure that interventions are sustainable and have a lasting impact on the health of the population.
Topic 1 DQ 1
Explain the role of the community health nurse in partnership with community stakeholders for population health promotion. Explain why it is important to appraise community resources (nonprofit, spiritual/religious, etc.) as part of a community assessment and why these resources are important in population health promotion.
Re: Topic 1 DQ 1
EvansAgnew, Reyes, Primomo, Meyer, and MatlockHightower (2017) say that public health is about working with communities and populations to prevent disease and improve health. Together with other people in the community, nurses give advice and show people how to live healthy lives. When planning health programs, define the mapping method used to find out what the needs of the community are. Public health nurses use the knowledge, skills, and abilities they have learned to help protect and improve health by using and understanding public resources in the community. The skills learned help solve health problems, like making health care easier to get because of low living standards and new diseases that are easy to spread.
Effective partnerships are very important for community-based solutions that are needed to move toward health parity by making it a shared value and vision, fostering multi-sector collaboration, and giving the community more power to shape outcomes (Swider & Cygana, 2020). These different groups, which include religious and non-profit organizations, help figure out how to divide up and use resources. NRS 428: Ideas about health in the community and the public. Health Mission and federally qualified health centers are both examples of this type of organization. The partners use different skills to get to resources that help make sure health is fair for everyone. The community can learn about its culture, its needs, and its resources by evaluating its resources. Also, evaluating certain groups, like public organizations, helps to get more people involved in preventing disease and promoting health.
Public health involves working with communities and populations with an aim to prevent disease and promote health (Evans‐Agnew, Reyes, Primomo, Meyer & Matlock‐Hightower, 2017). Nurses together with other community stakeholders give advices as well as guide thus encouraging healthy living. Planning health programs define mapping approach used to identify community needs. Public health nurses use acquired knowledge, competencies and skills to help protect and improve health applying and understand community based public resources. The skills obtained help in solving health problems such as making accessible health care resulting from poor living standards and emerging communicable disease.
Effective partnerships is very important for community based solutions required for advancing heath parity by making it a shared value and vision as well as fostering multi-sector collaboration and increasing community’s capacity to shape outcomes (Swider & Cygana, 2020). These different stakeholders include both religious and not for profit organizations help in resource assessments and allotments. NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health. Examples of such organization include health mission, and federal qualified health centers. The partners employ different skills to access resources that serve several roles in ensures there is equity in health. Through resource Assessment, the community is able to understand community culture, needs and resources. In addition, assessing specific organizations like public organizations help to promote involvement in preventing disease as well as promoting health.
References
Evans‐Agnew, R., Reyes, D., Primomo, J., Meyer, K., & Matlock‐Hightower, C. (2017). Community health needs assessments: Expanding the boundaries of nursing education in population health. Public Health Nursing, 34(1), 69-77.
Swider, S., & Cygana, H. (2020). Public and Population Health: Promoting the Health of the Public. Policy & Politics in Nursing and Health Care-E-Book, 231.
Topic 1 DQ 2
Discuss how geopolitical and phenomenological place influence the context of a population or community assessment and intervention. Describe how the nursing process is utilized to Help in identifying health issues (local or global in nature) and in creating an appropriate intervention, including screenings and referrals, for the community or population.
Topic 1 DQ 2
A geopolitical community refers to a community within a geographical and legal boundary for instance towns, cities and municipality communities. The boundary of a geopolitical community surrounds a territory that can be identified easily on a map. The community either can occur due to manmade territories or manufactured boundaries. Natural boundaries include rivers and mountains that is physical features (Farbotko, Stratford & Lazrus, 2016). Manufactured or manmade boundaries include streets, bridges and railway tracks. Phenomenological community represents a group of people sharing values, interest, beliefs, and goals. Relation destination include religious and social groups. Community is defined as a group of people with common identity, perspective – occupying space in a specified period. The above two factors influence resource allocation. Public health nursing practice ensures justice is observed in terms of access as well as availability of health practice. NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health.The roles of a community health nurse include assessing and identifying population percentage that has high chances of getting infections (Rn, Mmhn & Russo, 2017). Nursing practice is funneled by standards and definitions established by ANA in collaboration with public health services bureau of health profession. Nursing process involves the following steps including assessment, diagnosis, planning, interventions and Assessments and are key in nursing. Nursing process refers to a logic, deliberate, and rational problem solving approach that require organized practice performance. The process may include continuous involvements from patients, families and communities in all stages from assessment to Assessment. However, some processes like diagnosis, planning and intervention are prone to changes based on the new information from patients. Moreover, patients are very important in nursing process since they are not only restricted by physical and emotional limitation as well as ability to participate.References
Farbotko, C., Stratford, E., & Lazrus, H. (2016). Climate migrants and new identities? The geopolitics of embracing or rejecting mobility. Social & Cultural Geography, 17(4), 533-552.
Rn, F. A. L., Mmhn, D. Z. B., & Russo, S. (2017). Experience of Palestinian children facing consistent intermittent traumatic events: A descriptive phenomenological exploration.
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Topic 2: Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases
Objectives:
Apply the principles of epidemiology to community health nursing.
Explain the value of demographic data in community health.
Apply the epidemiology triangle to a communicable disease occurring at a global level.
Evaluate the communicable disease chain model.
Discuss the impact of global health issues on public health systems.
Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease.
Epidemiology Paper
Write a paper (2,000-2,500 words) in which you apply the concepts of epidemiology and nursing research to a communicable disease. Refer to “Communicable Disease Chain,” “Chain of Infection,” and the CDC website for Helpance when completing this assignment.
Communicable Disease Selection
Chickenpox
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Mononucleosis
Hepatitis B
HIV
Ebola
Measles
Polio
Influenza
Epidemiology Paper Requirements
Describe the chosen communicable disease, including causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment, and the demographic of interest (mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence). Is this a reportable disease? If so, provide details about reporting time, whom to report to, etc.
Describe the social determinants of health and explain how those factors contribute to the development of this disease.
Discuss the epidemiologic triangle as it relates to the communicable disease you have selected. Include the host factors, agent factors (presence or absence), and environmental factors. Are there any special considerations or notifications for the community, schools, or general population?
Explain the role of the community health nurse (case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up) and why demographic data are necessary to the health of the community.
Identify at least one national agency or organization that addresses the communicable disease chosen and describe how the organizations contribute to resolving or reducing the impact of disease.
Discuss a global implication of the disease. How is this addressed in other countries or cultures? Is this disease endemic to a particular area? Provide an example. NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health
A minimum of three peer-reviewed or professional references is required.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for Helpance.
NRS-428VN-RS2-CommunicableDiseaseChain.
Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by microorganisms or germs that spread from one person to another through various modes of transmission. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations, and its application to the control of health problems. In this paper, we will apply the principles of epidemiology and nursing research to the communicable disease of influenza.
Description of Influenza:
Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a viral infection that affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the influenza virus and spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. The virus can also survive on surfaces for up to 24 hours, making it easy to spread. The symptoms of influenza include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death. Influenza is a reportable disease, and health care providers must report cases to their local health department within a specific time frame, usually within 24 hours.
Social Determinants of Health and Influenza:
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These factors influence health outcomes and contribute to health inequalities. In the case of influenza, social determinants such as poverty, overcrowding, and lack of access to healthcare can increase the risk of infection and complications. People living in poverty may not have access to the flu vaccine or may not be able to take time off work to recover from the illness, which can lead to more severe cases and longer recovery times. Overcrowding in living conditions and lack of access to healthcare can also increase the spread of the virus and delay treatment, leading to more severe cases and higher mortality rates.
Epidemiologic Triangle and Influenza:
The epidemiologic triangle is a model used to understand the spread of infectious diseases. It consists of three components: the host, the agent, and the environment. In the case of influenza, the host is the person who is infected with the virus. The agent is the influenza virus, which can be transmitted through respiratory droplets and survives on surfaces for up to 24 hours. The environment includes factors such as temperature, humidity, and population density, which can affect the transmission of the virus. Special considerations and notifications for the community, schools, or general population include the importance of hand hygiene, covering coughs and sneezes, and staying home when sick. Schools and workplaces may also need to consider social distancing measures during flu season.
Role of the Community Health Nurse and Demographic Data:
The community health nurse plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of influenza. Case finding, reporting, data collection, data analysis, and follow-up are all important aspects of the nurse’s role in controlling the spread of the disease. Demographic data, such as mortality, morbidity, incidence, and prevalence rates, are necessary for understanding the impact of influenza on the community and for identifying populations at higher risk for infection or complications. The nurse can use this data to develop targeted interventions, such as flu clinics or education campaigns, to reduce the spread of the disease.
National Agency or Organization Addressing Influenza:
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the national agency responsible for monitoring and controlling the spread of influenza in the United States. The CDC provides guidance on vaccination, infection control, and surveillance, and works closely with state and local health departments to monitor outbreaks and provide support when needed. The CDC also conducts research to improve the understanding of influenza and develop new treatments and vaccines.
Global Implication of Influenza:
Infl
uenza is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. Influenza has a global impact and is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Each year, seasonal influenza epidemics affect 3-5 million people globally, resulting in 290,000-650,000 deaths, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
In addition to the seasonal influenza virus, there is the potential for the emergence of novel influenza viruses, such as the avian influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) viruses, which can cause severe disease and have the potential to cause a global pandemic. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic, which originated in Mexico, spread to over 200 countries and caused an estimated 151,700-575,400 deaths globally.
The impact of influenza is not limited to human health. Influenza also has economic and social consequences, including lost productivity, strain on healthcare systems, and disruption to travel and commerce.
To address the global impact of influenza, the WHO has established a Global Influenza Programme, which provides global leadership in pandemic preparedness and response, supports global surveillance and monitoring of influenza viruses, and promotes the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs. In addition, the WHO collaborates with national governments, international organizations, and other stakeholders to develop and implement strategies to prevent and control influenza.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Influenza (Flu). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/index.htm
World Health Organization. (2021). Influenza (Seasonal). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/influenza-(seasonal)
World Health Organization. (2021). Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/influenza/human_animal_interface/en/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). 2009 H1N1 Pandemic (H1N1pdm09 virus). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/2009-h1n1-pandemic.html
World Health Organization. (2021). Global Influenza Programme. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/teams/global-influenza-programme/
U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021). Influenza. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/influenza.html
Johnson, N. P. A. S., & Mueller, J. (2002). Updating the accounts: Global mortality of the 1918-1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76(1), 105-115.
World Health Organization. (2021). Pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/en/
Miller, M. A., Viboud, C., & Balinska, M. (2009). Simonsen L. The signature features of influenza pandemics—implications for policy. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(25), 2595-2598.
World Health Organization. (2021). Pandemic influenza preparedness and response. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/influenza/pip/en/
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Topic 2 DQ 1
What are social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will Help you in answering this discussion question. NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health
Topic 2 DQ 2
Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will Help you in answering this discussion question.
Benchmark – Community Teaching Plan: Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal
The benchmark assesses the following competency:
4.2 Communicate therapeutically with patients.
The RN to BSN program at Grand Canyon University meets the requirements for clinical competencies as defined by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), using nontraditional experiences for practicing nurses. These experiences come in the form of direct and indirect care experiences in which licensed nursing students engage in learning within the context of their hospital organization, specific care discipline, and local communities. NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health
Note: The teaching plan proposal developed in this assignment will be used to develop your Community Teaching Plan: Community Presentation due in Topic 5. You are strongly encouraged to begin working on your presentation once you have received and submitted this proposal.
Select one of the following as the focus for the teaching plan:
Primary Prevention/Health Promotion
Secondary Prevention/Screenings for a Vulnerable Population
Bioterrorism/Disaster
Environmental Issues
Use the “Community Teaching Work Plan Proposal” resource to complete this assignment. This will help you organize your plan and create an outline for the written assignment.
After completing the teaching proposal, review the teaching plan proposal with a community health and public health provider in your local community.
Request feedback (strengths and opportunities for improvement) from the provider.
Complete the “Community Teaching Experience” form with the provider. You will submit this form in Topic 5.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for Helpance.
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Topic 3 DQ 1
Compare vulnerable populations. Describe an example of one of these groups in the United States or from another country. Explain why the population is designated as “vulnerable.” Include the number of individuals belonging to this group and the specific challenges or issues involved. Discuss why these populations are unable to advocate for themselves, the ethical issues that must be considered when working with these groups, and how nursing advocacy would be beneficial.
Vulnerable populations are groups of people who are at an increased risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes and social issues due to their marginalized and disadvantaged status in society. These populations often face multiple barriers to accessing healthcare, education, housing, employment, and other essential resources that contribute to their overall well-being.
One example of a vulnerable population in the United States is the homeless population. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, there were approximately 580,466 people experiencing homelessness on a single night in January 2020. Homelessness is often caused by a combination of economic, social, and health-related factors, such as poverty, unemployment, mental illness, and substance abuse.
Homeless individuals face numerous challenges and issues, including a lack of access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare. They are also at an increased risk of physical and mental health problems, including infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and mental health disorders. Homeless individuals often lack the resources to advocate for themselves and face significant stigma and discrimination, which can further exacerbate their marginalization.
When working with vulnerable populations such as the homeless, ethical issues must be carefully considered. These populations often face significant power imbalances and may be subject to exploitation or abuse by those in positions of authority. It is essential to respect their autonomy and dignity while working to address their needs and support their well-being.
Nursing advocacy can be incredibly beneficial for vulnerable populations such as the homeless. Nurses can work to improve access to healthcare and social services, advocate for policy changes that address systemic issues contributing to homelessness, and raise awareness about the unique challenges faced by this population. By working with and empowering vulnerable populations, nurses can help to reduce health disparities and improve the overall health and well-being of these individuals and communities.
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Topic 3 DQ 2
How does the community health nurse recognize bias, stereotypes, and implicit bias within the community? How should the nurse address these concepts to ensure health promotion activities are culturally competent? Propose strategies that you can employ to reduce cultural dissonance and bias to deliver culturally competent care. Include an evidence-based article that address the cultural issue. NRS 428 Concepts in Community and Public Health Cite and reference the article in APA format.
As a community health nurse, recognizing bias, stereotypes, and implicit bias within the community is crucial to providing culturally competent care. Bias and stereotypes can affect healthcare outcomes, access to care, and trust in healthcare providers. Community health nurses can identify bias by examining their own beliefs, assumptions, and values and by listening to the perspectives and experiences of the community members they serve. Implicit bias can also be identified through tools such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which measures automatic associations people make between groups and attributes.
To address these concepts, community health nurses must actively work to promote cultural competence in their practice. This includes understanding the cultural norms and values of the community they serve, being aware of their own biases and stereotypes, and working to develop cultural humility. Strategies to reduce cultural dissonance and bias include ongoing education and training, engaging in reflective practice, seeking feedback from the community, and building relationships with community members.
An evidence-based article that addresses the cultural issue is “Cultural Competence in Health Care: A Review of the Evidence” by Betancourt et al. (2003). This article discusses the importance of cultural competence in healthcare and provides evidence-based recommendations for healthcare providers. The authors emphasize the need for healthcare providers to understand the cultural beliefs and practices of their patients and to provide care that is respectful and responsive to cultural differences. They also highlight the importance of addressing structural barriers to care and promoting cultural competence at the organizational level.
Reference:
Betancourt, J. R., Green, A. R., Carrillo, J. E., & Park, E. R. (2003). Cultural competence in health care: A review of the evidence. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(1), 96-97. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.1.96
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Topic 4: Policy and Environmental Issues
Objectives:
Apply screening and referral principles to nursing care of populations.
Examine the role of public health in addressing environmental issues.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the U.S. health care system.
Examine how policy in the U.S. health care delivery system affects specific populations.
Examine the effects of health care reform on the U.S. health care system and its stakeholders.
Use the as directed in the Community Assessment and Analysis Presentation.
