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This investigation involved studying the breathing and heart rates of 13-14 year old male and females, of different physical abilities when exposed to certain levels of exercise. During this experiment the subjects went through the following process: the body for the first thirty secs of exercise enters in to the cretin phosphate (which relies mainly on stored carbohydrate for energy) then the subjects entered into the lactic acid or you o2 system which is you aerobic energy system which produces lactic acid (during 1- 2mins of exercise) and the heart rate or stroke volume starts increasing as the subjects worked harder to the anaerobic threshold (80-90% of you maximum heart rate) then the heart rate increase which makes the stoke volume increase as the heart pumps blood or the cardiac output around the body increasing the subjects tidal volume (the amount (volume) of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath). During this process the respiratory muscle are forced by sympathetic nerves to increase the rate of breathing. (Discovery Health, 2010) (Biomed, 2009) (Deffinitions, 2011) (ImogeneRichards, 2011)
This practical investigation relates to instances in life where aerobic exercise occurs, this happens when people are; running, jogging, playing sport or any other type of elongated physical activities that involve oxygen intake. During this process cellular respiration or Aerobic respiration occurs (this is respiration that happens on a cellular level and is the system in the body that breaks down food as fuel and turns it into energy or ATP). During exercise the heart rate increases nearly is four to five times than its normal resting rate and the maximum heart rate for the 13- 14 year olds involved in the experiment is approximately 196.35 beats per minute. (Moeschberger, 2010) More blood is now being returned from these working muscles. This increases the amount of venous return (blood to the heart). The aforementioned increased of venous return increases stroke volume by approximately 30 to 40 percent. The cardiac output is about 20-25 litres per minute at the height of exercise. (Discovery Health, 2010)
The human body requires glucose found in food and oxygen to create aerobic respiration (which occurred in this experiment). To form energy this is ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), carbon dioxide and water. This occurs when the body is undergoing exercise and the heart is pumping oxygenated blood to the muscle to Help in them working harder and at a faster rate than average, this increases the stroke volume of the heart. For this to occur the body needs to break down food and create glucose (found in food) for energy.
Formula for aerobic respiration:
Glucose + Oxygen →Energy or ATP + Carbon dioxide + Water
It is hypothesised that subjects heart and breathing rates will increase with the amounts and time period in which the exercise occurs.
Aim: the aim of this experiment is to determine the effect of fitness levels on your cardio and breathing rate.
Risk analysis-
Figure 2:
Table: analysis of risk in the experiment
Risk
Consequences
How they could have been avoided
Tripping over
This could result in subjects not being able to participate in the experiment. The subject could have been seriously injured and possibly injured another person.
Ensuring that the subjects run at one steady pace and are conscience of their sorrowing obstructions so that harm is prevented from the subjects and less of an alteration on the results.
Injury
This could have lead to serious injury to the subject and possibly inability to continue in the experiment. This would impact on the results and on the subject’s wellbeing. Injury to feet, spine and other parts of the body, because of not using the correct foot wear for the hard asphalt that the subjects ran on.
This could have been evaded by attention being payed to what the subjects were wearing and the style and correctness of which they were running.
Over exposure to the sun
Can lead to; skin damage, dehydration, prospective heat stroke and other sun related casualties.
Another potential risk is that of the over exposure to the sun that can lead to; skin damage, dehydration, prospective heat stroke and other sun related casualties. This could be easily prevented by the wearing of sun protective clothing, such as; hats, sun screen, long, light clothing and sun glasses. Dehydration could have also been prevented by the consumption of water every two minutes when the pulse and breathing is taken.
Natural hazards
This can result in the injuring in the participants and recorders. These risks can include: lighting, miscellaneous tree anatomy and wind gashes that have the possibility of carrying objects in the path of the runners. This can potently impact on the subject’s wellbeing and the results of the experiment.
This could be avoided by conducing the experiment inside and being aware of the surroundings.
Sickness
If subjects feel unwell it is not appropriate for them to participate in the test as it may impact of the overall result of the experiment
Making sure than all subjects are feeling totally healthy before participation in the experiment.
Heart issues
If subjects have heart issue it can affect the results of the experiment and can put the subjects in a state of serious health conditions.
Checking that all subjects have no heart condition before initiation of the experiment can prevent and injury to themselves and any impact of the results of the experiment.
Figure 3- taking the pulse Figure 4 taking the breathing rate
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Materials:
Stop watch
Four male subjects (age 13-14)
Four female subjects (age 13-14)
Sixteen recorder (two for each runner)
Basketball or large open area
Recording materials
Heart and breathing resting rates are recorded before hand and are then graphed. Subjects must lie down for approximately ten minutes; their anticipatory heat and breathing rates are then taken (as shown in figure 2 and three) and recorded. A two minute walk is then commenced; the subjects are to walk in a straight line at the same pace, their heart and breathing rates are the taken (as shown in figure 2 and three)for a minute (or 15 seconds and then X by four). A two minute walk is again commenced; the subjects are to walk in a straight line at the same pace, their heart and breathing rates are the taken for a minute (or 15 seconds and then X by four). A final two minute walk is then commenced; the subjects are to walk in a straight line at the same pace, their heart and breathing rates are the taken for a minute (or 15 seconds and then X by four). When the results have been taken the subjects then start to jog for two minutes, all at the same pace and in a straight line, their heart and breathing rates (as shown in figure 2 and three) are the taken for a minute (or 15 seconds and then X by four). Then jog for a further two minutes, all at the same pace and in a straight line, their heart and breathing rates are the taken(as shown in figure 2 and three) for a minute (or 15 seconds and then X by four). The subjects then jog for a final two minutes, all at the same pace and in a straight line, their heart and breathing rates are the taken (as shown in figure 2 and three) for a minute (or 15 seconds and then X by four). The runners then rest for one minute in a quiet and shaded area. When they have rested for a minute their recovery heart and breathing rates (as shown in figure 2 and three) and taken and recorded. The subjects rest for the nest minute and then the heart and breathing rates are taken for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for the next minute and then the heart and breathing rates are taken for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for a further minute and then the heart and breathing rates (as shown in figure 2 and three) are taken for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for the nest minute and then the heart and breathing rates are taken for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for a further minute and then the heart and breathing rates are taken(as shown in figure 2 and three) for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for a further minute and then the heart and breathing rates (as shown in figure 2 and three) are taken for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for a further minute and then the heart and breathing rates are taken (as shown in figure 2 and three) for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The subjects rest for a further minute and then the heart and breathing rates are taken (as shown in figure 2 and three) for a minute (or for 15 seconds and then X four) and recorded. The results are then recorded and graphed. For a fair test the recording and taking of the patient’s rate and breathing rates must be taken(as shown in figure 2 and three) simultaneously as to not allow for a varied recovery time.
Figure 5- girl breathing rate figure 6- boy breathing rate
Figure 7- boy heart rate
Figure 8- girl heart rate
Discussion-
The data shows a general trend of as the level of exercise increases (eg. Walking to jogging) and the longer they exercise for the more the heart and breathing rate increases. It is tested that average resting heart rate for a 14 year old is 60-80 beats per minute (Biomed, 2009) this, on average should increase to 206. The results showed an average heart rate for boys: of around __ and for females: ___
