Study Bay Coursework Assignment Writing Help

There are various various approaches to counselling in up to date society to which all have their strengths and limitations. The aim of this task is to debate the strengths and limitations of Transactional Assessment (TA) and Cognitive Behaviour Remedy (CBT). The primary part of this task will present a quick overview of TA, then transferring on to debate and analyse its distinctive strengths and limitations and the analysis proof that may exhibit its capabilities. This dialogue is then additional developed with a quick overview of CBT, then transferring on to debate and analyse this approaches distinctive strengths and limitations and the analysis proof which suggests it is a profitable therapeutic strategy.

Eric Berne (1975) outlined Transactional Assessment as “a concept of character and social motion, and a scientific technique of psychotherapy, primarily based on the Assessment of all doable transactions between two or extra folks, on the premise of particularly outlined ego states right into a finite quantity of established sorts”.

Aaron T Beck (1979, p.three) outlined Cognitive Behaviour remedy as “an energetic, directive and time restricted, structured strategy used to deal with a spread of psychiatric problems”.

Transactional Assessment was first developed by Eric Berne a psychiatrist within the US throughout the late 1950’s. TA is described as being a concept of character as a result of it has the flexibility to point out us how persons are structured psychologically. It could actually do that by utilizing what’s know as an ego state mannequin which may help us perceive someone’s expressions inside their behaviour. TA can also be known as a concept of communication as a result of is can analyse relationships between people and the transactions which happen. This specific concept additionally hyperlinks very neatly with Freudian explanations of little one improvement as a result of it hyperlinks with the event levels – oral, anal and so forth. TA has been recognised for its introduction of a “Life (or Childhood) Scripts”, which is, a narrative we are able to understand about our personal life. TA is well-known for it makes use of within the prognosis and therapy of many varieties of psychological problems, and supplies a technique of remedy for people, couples, households and teams. Lastly TA has been utilized in schooling, to Help lecturers stay in clear communication at an acceptable degree, in counselling and consultancy, in administration and communications coaching and by different our bodies (Harper, 2009).

TA is taken into account a particularly versatile strategy for therapists to utilise Dusay (1986) believed TA as a therapeutic system had two main benefits the primary being that there’s a full and merely communicated concept of character, and second, as a result of of this, the therapist is free to develop their very own progressive type of therapy which utilises their very own strengths. He provides, if we noticed a skilled transactional analyst in motion therapeutic kinds starting from a extra “mental” cognitive strategy to a “feeling” emotive strategy” can be obvious.

TA is taken into account easy and simple to know as a consequence of its terminology making it simple for purchasers to know Dale (2009, p.three) states

“The speculation is definitely comprehensible, and it seems to make sense throughout cultures. In my very own observe I’ve taught the fundamentals to Mauritians, Asian, Black and Afro Caribbean purchasers, and a spread of European purchasers.”

Nevertheless some assume that though the terminology utilized in TA is completely different from that utilized in different counselling approaches it’s thought of each a power and a weak point of the mannequin Hough (2006, p.172) states

“though the language is memorable and accessible, additionally it is regarded by some critics as simplistic and superficial”

Paradoxically, once more the strengths of the strategy are additionally its weaknesses. As a result of TA is taken into account to be simply comprehensible and accessible to therapists they usually use it with out having an in depth understanding of the complexities of it. Dale (2009) states therapists are in danger when asking a shopper to shift ego states and separate a component of their character with out being sure that the shopper can reintegrate may cause critical injury. Nevertheless Davis & Meier (2001) imagine that TA might be modified to transient, structured, drawback focussed remedy, which is taken into account an incredible power in lots of settings. Practitioners who work inside structured care frameworks have much less time to collect shopper info, make a proper Assessment, present orientation to the therapeutic course of, set up rapport and intervene.

One other important power of TA which is also thought of a weak point of the strategy is that it emphasizes on individualism Corey (no date, p.36) states

“Many individuals are restricted by their early choices: they cling to parental messages, reside their lives by unexamined injunctions, and ceaselessly will not be even conscious that they’re dwelling in a psychological straitjacket. Conceptually, re-decision remedy gives instruments members can use to free themselves from an archaic life script and obtain a profitable and significant life”.

Nevertheless purchasers who come from collective cultures might not slot in as simply into the paradigm of scripts described by Berne and others (Hough, 2006).

An extra power of TA is that it permits a spread of prospects for each preventative and remedial work by offering for each an academic and therapeutic construction. It is important that the knowledge divulged within the remedy periods are balanced by experimental work which includes the shopper each emotionally and cognitively Greenberg, Korman, & Paivio (2002) advised that interventions in remedy usually tend to succeed and produce lasting adjustments in the event that they contain the emotional area moderately than focussing purely on the cognitive realm.

A essential limitation of TA is that there’s a lack of empirical proof succesful of validating its concept and course of as a result of truth many of Bern’s ideas had been introduced in such a way that it might be unachievable to design a analysis research to check them. Medical observations and testimonials are the one information of success. Corey (no date, p.37) states

“Conducting well-designed analysis research to judge the method and consequence of remedy has absolutely not been one of the strengths of TA”.

As talked about above there was restricted analysis into both the outcomes or processes of TA counselling and psychotherapy. Nevertheless inside the area of course of parts, there have been a number of research which have tried to measure ego state functioning and its affect on remedy.

Emerson et al (1994) demonstrated that psychological disturbance which had been measured with a regular symptom guidelines, was related with a better than common concordance charge of Important father or mother and tailored Little one ego states. It was believed that profitable Transactional Assessment may considerably scale back the prominence of these ego states in purchasers. Analysis corresponding to this implies that Transactional Assessment can be utilized to deal with and scale back the importance of psychological disturbance which is clearly associated to the frequent use of these two ego states.

Loffredo et al (TAJ, April 2004) reviewed reliability analysis and up to date their very own analysis in a research which measured the reliability of a questionnaire designed to pinpoint the 5 ego states. This demonstrates that their questionnaire reliably identifies these 5 ego states in people. Along with this Loffredo et al decided important assemble validity, the 5 ego states had been outlined by his questionnaire which represented 5 particular kinds of thought, feeling and behaviour. Analysis corresponding to this implies that the ego states are in existence and might be precisely recognized by these with information of Transactional Assessment concept.

Cognitive behaviour remedy was developed by a psychoanalytically skilled psychiatrist in America often called Aaron Beck within the 1960’s. CBT features by integrating each cognitive and behavioural methods. CBT depends on each the shopper and therapist working collaboratively inside a therapeutic alliance. The purpose of CBT is to Help the shopper overcome their difficulties by figuring out and modifying destructive automated ideas (NAT’s), behaviours and feelings. CBT remedy is a structured course of which is objective oriented and measurable. This mannequin focuses on current feelings that act as a main information to core beliefs and meanings. CBT is a structured mannequin of remedy with a selected agenda and focus for every remedy session. Homework can also be given which is a vital component of therapy (Harper,2008).

CBT compared to TA is taken into account to have a considerable quantity of empirical proof to Help its effectiveness when treating a spread of problems. Primarily CBT is the most certainly remedy to be provided inside the Nationwide Well being Service (NHS) Judith Beck (1995, p.1) claims that cognitive remedy

“is exclusive in that it’s a system of psychotherapy with a unified concept of character and psychopathology supported by substantial empirical proof”

CBT can also be believed to be a directive strategy which utilises structured plans and sequenced remedy periods set out by the therapist. Nevertheless it has been critiqued for making the belief that the therapist has professional information surrounding how the shopper ought to deal with the issue, which will not be acceptable for each particular person (Bandersnatch,2007). This assertion can’t be generalized to all purchasers nevertheless as most purchasers discover its commonsense technique very interesting because it permits them to see that the problems they face are half of their previous expertise and studying historical past which has attributed to success and failings inside their life. It additionally aids them of their discovery of new behaviours and extra productive methods of pondering for the longer term (Lehman & Coady, 2001).

Case formulation with CBT has additionally been recommended for being easy and simple for purchasers to have the ability to perceive and utilise Stephens (no date, p.eight) states

“In observe, cognitive formulations are typically comprehensible, non-esoteric, and simple to share with purchasers”.

Nevertheless this suggestion is topic to criticism for doable over simplification of ‘advanced psychological dynamics’ (Particular person et al, 1996). Particularly it’s debatable whether or not all of a shopper’s points might be handled by a single case formulation. CBT therapists don’t declare that this could at all times be performed however the temptation to aim to cope with a number of points might be robust (Willis & Sanders, 1997).

CBT can also be believed to be extremely open to falsifiability with regard to case formulation not like different approaches in counselling Particular person (1989, p.55) states

“The therapist can by no means be sure her speculation concerning the underlying mechanism is appropriate and should at all times be ready to revise or change within the face of proof. It is a steady course of; actually, Assessment and therapy are a steady course of of proposing, testing, re-evaluating, revising, rejecting and creating new formulations”.

Nevertheless these case formulations are thought of to be open to the prejudices and biases of the therapist and could also be imposed regardless of apparent flaws as Willis & sanders (1997, p.52) acknowledged

“We might develop an ideal, refined and theoretically sound conceptualisation which has little empirical or sensible worth to the shopper, and, as a result of of our personal cognitive distortions, begin to see every thing in these phrases”.

CBT’s case formulation may also be critiqued for its acceptance of the shopper’s judgement as to the accuracy of the formulation concerning when contemplating its purchasers perspective in the direction of change and the remedy getting used. Weishaar (1993, p.108) states

“Critics from each the psychodynamic and cognitive science camps … accuse Cognitive Remedy of ignoring the function of unconscious processes.”

This means that the extra credit score which has been hooked up to the function of unconscious processes, the much less that may be given to a shopper’s judgement regarding the appropriateness of a case formulation (Stephens, no date).

Lastly CBT has additionally been criticised for counting on simplistic entities inside its concept corresponding to schemas that face controversy and debate in relation to their existence. Skinner (1971) a radical behaviourist inside psychology believed that these so referred to as inside constructs couldn’t proved and will not be a significant necessity inside the concept or observe of psychotherapy.

The efficacy of CBT has been established in managed analysis research, and its effectiveness documented in a spread of scientific research DeRubeis et al (2005) carried out a research whereby 240 folks the place hospitalised with scientific despair. Their despair was measured by a Hamilton despair scale. After 16 week of both trendy drug remedy or CBT their ranges of despair the place measured once more utilizing the identical scale on the finish of remedy and after 2 years. They discovered that the brief time period results of each CBT and drug remedy the place equally as efficient as 58% in each teams recovered. Researchers additionally discovered that after 2 years 75% of the those that obtained CBT and recovered the place nonetheless free of despair in contrast with 60% of the individuals who obtained drug remedy. Analysis corresponding to this implies that CBT is probably higher than drug remedy in the long run, altered pondering and higher self consciousness permits the shopper to make long run adjustments decreasing the probability of relapse.

The truth that each CBT and drug remedy might be equally efficient therapies might be seen within the following scientific research. Goldapple et at (2004) carried out a research to look at organic adjustments inside the mind related to the use of CBT. 17 un-medicated unipolar despair sufferers had their mind adjustments in response to CBT examined earlier than and after 15 to 20 week course of CBT. Outcomes confirmed a full course of CBT resulted in substantial scientific enchancment within the 14 sufferers that accomplished the course of CBT. It was concluded that like antidepressant therapies CBT impacts scientific restoration by modifying the functioning of particular websites within the mind. This analysis exhibits that though each CBT and drug remedy’s affect particular elements of the mind in another way CBT alone is succesful of inducing important enchancment within the therapy of unipolar despair.

In conclusion to this task each TA and CBT have various strengths and limitations with regard their success. After the completion of additional analysis there’s a substantial distinction within the quantity of empirical proof that helps TA and CBT. CBT has been recognized as being probably the most outstanding and extensively provided remedy regarding the therapy of psychological well being points and due to this fact has copious quantities of analysis to substantiate these claims. Nevertheless though CBT has been recognized as a nicely established and efficient remedy within the therapy of despair, nervousness, consuming problems and so forth there may be little proof to recommend that it may be thought of the best remedy within the therapy of all atypical behaviours inside up to date society.

Reference Listing

Books

1. Beck, J. (1995) Cognitive remedy: Fundamentals and Past. New York: Guilford Press
2. Berne, E (1975) What do you say after you say good day? London: Corgi. (Authentic work printed 1972)
3. Davis, S. R., & Meier, S. T. (2001). The weather of managed care: A information for serving to professionals. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
4. Hough, M. (2006) Counselling expertise and concept. 2nd Ed. England. Hodder Training
5. McLeod, J. (2009) An introduction to counselling. 4th Ed. England. Open College Press
6. Particular person, J.B. (1989) Cognitive Remedy in Apply: A case formulation strategy. New York: W.W. Norton
7. Skinner, B.F. (1971) Past Freedom and Dignity. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
8. Whitfield, G. & Davidson, A. (2007) Cognitive Behavioural Remedy defined. United Kingdom: Radcliffe publishing LTD
9. Weishaar, M.E. (1993) Aaron T. Beck. London: Sage.
10. Willis, F. & Sanders, D. (1997) Cognitive Remedy: Reworking the Picture. London: Sage

Digital books

1. Lehman, P. & Coady, N. (2001) Theoretical views fir direct social work: a generalist eclectic strategy. Google books [online] Obtainable at http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Lbtv3SsrLdEC&pg=PA176&dq=cbt+strengths&cd=1#v=onepage&q=cbt%20strengths&f=false Accessed [29 December 2009]

Journals

1. DeRubeis et al (2005) ‘ Cognitive remedy vs Drugs within the Therapy of Reasonable to Extreme Melancholy’. Archives of Common Psychiatry, 62: 409-416
2. Dusay, J. M. (1986). Transactional Assessment. In I. L. Kutash & A. Wolf (Eds.), Psychotherapist’s casebook (pp. 413-423). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
3. Goldapple, Okay., Segal, Z., Garson, C., Lau, M., Bieling, P.,Kennedy, S., Mayberg, H. (2004). Arch Gen Psychiatry, Modulation of Cortical-Limbic Pathways in Main Melancholy: Therapy-Particular Results of Cognitive Conduct Remedy, 61:34-41.
4. Greenberg, L. S., Korman, L. M., & Paivio, S. C. (2002). Emotion in humanistic psychotherapy. In D. J. Cain, & J. Seeman, (Eds.), Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of analysis and observe (pp. 499-530). Washington, DC: American Psychological Affiliation.
5. Loffredo et all. (2004) The Ego State Questionnaire Revised.Transactional Assessment Journal, 34
6. Individuals et al (1996) Psychodynamic therapists’ reservations about Cognitive-Behavioural remedy. Journal of Psychotherapy Apply and Analysis, 5: 202-212
7. Stephens, E. (no date) A case formation strategy to Cognitive Behaviour Remedy: PCI faculty & centre for sexual addictions

Web sites

1. Bandersnatch. (2007) Strengths and weak point of CBT and REBT. [online] Obtainable at http://psyclick.org.uk/ [01 January 2010]
2. Australian institute of skilled counsellors (2007) Aipic’s 5 therapies Book. Behaviour, Cognitive Behaviour, Particular person Centred, Resolution Focussed, Gestalt. [online] Obtainable at http://www.counsellingconnection.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/aipcs-five-therapies.pdf Accessed [28 December 2009]
3. Bream, V. (no date) What’s CBT? – A newcomers information. [online] Obtainable at www.ocduk.org/10/greenwich05/VB.pps Accessed [03 January 2010]

Lectures

1. Dale, H. (2009) Transactional Assessment Overview. [Introduction to Transactional analysis]
2. Harper, P. (2008) Transactional Assessment lecture notes. [Transactional analysis theory and application]
3. Palmer, D. (2009) Cognitive- Behavioural remedy. [Introduction to theoretical approaches to counselling]