-750013-636998BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (HONOURS) 00BACHELOR OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (HONOURS) 4196862-703385 STUDENT’S NAME MARIANE MONTERO PALOMO STUDENT’S ID / IC NO. BBET1809-9704 COURSE’S NAME Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Know-how COURSE CODE BBTC3142 ACADEMIC SESSION SEPTEMBER 2018 ASSIGNMENT QUESTION Magnetic Resonance Imaging LECTURER’S NAME Madam Su Natasha binti MohamadFACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES ————————————————— […]

LITERATURETSURVEY 1.I.TF.TAkyildizTandTI.TH.TKasimoglu,T“WirelessTsensorTandTactorTnetworks:TresearchTchallenges,”TAdTHocTNetworks. WirelessTsensorTandTactorTnetworksT(WSANs)TreferTtoTaTgroupTofTsensorsTandTactorsTlinkedTbyTwirelessTmediumTtoTperformTdistributedTsensingTandTactingTtasks.TTheTrealizationTofTwirelessTsensorTandTactorTnetworksT(WSANs)TneedsTtoTsatisfyTtheTrequirementsTintroducedTbyTtheTcoexistenceTofTsensorsTandTactors.TInTWSANs,TsensorsTgatherTinformationTaboutTtheTphysicalTworld,TwhileTactorsTtakeTdecisionsTandTthenTperformTappropriateTactionsTuponTtheTenvironment,TwhichTallowsTaTuserTtoTeffectivelyTsenseTandTactTfromTaTdistance.TInTorderTtoTprovideTeffectiveTsensingTandTacting,TcoordinationTmechanismsTareTrequiredTamongTsensorsTandTactors.TMoreover,TtoTperformTrightTandTtimelyTactions,TsensorTdataTmustTbeTvalidTatTtheTtimeTofTacting.TThisTpaperTexploresTsensor-actorTandTactor-actorTsynchronizationTandTdescribesTresearchTchallengeTforTcoordinationTandTcommunicationTproblems. 2.Y.TAkkaya,TKemalTandTMohamed,T“CoverageTandTlatencyTawareTactorTplacementTmechanismsTinTwsans,”TInternationalTJournalTofTSensorTNetworks. InTWirelessTSensorTandTActorTNetworksT(WSANs),TresponsivenessTtoTseriousTeventsTisTofTutmostTimportanceTandTthus,TminimalTlatencyTshouldTbeTexperienced.TInTaddition,TsinceTtheseTactionsTcanTbeTtakenTatTanyTspotTwithinTtheTmonitoredTarea,TtheTactorsTshouldTprovideTmaximalTcoverageTofTtheTarea.TInTthisTpaper,TweTproposeTtwoTactorTplacementTmechanismsTforTWSANs,TnamelyTCOLATandTCOCOLATthatTconsiderTbothTtheTdelayTrequirementsTofTdataTcollectionTandTtheTcoverageTofTtheTarea.TCOLATevenlyTdistributesTtheTactorsTinTtheTregionTforTmaximisedTcoverageTfirst.TActorsTthenTcollaborativelyTformTclusters.TEachTindividualTactorTrepositionsTitselfTatTaTnewTlocationTthatTenablesTminimalTlatencyTinTcollectingTdataTinTitsTcluster.TCOCOLATisTanTextensionTtoTCOLATwhichTadditionallyTenforcesTconnectivityTamongTtheTactorsTbyTassigningTappropriateTlocationsTtoTeachTactorTforTimprovedTcoverageTandTreducedTlatency.TTheTeffectivenessTofTbothTapproachesTisTevaluatedTthroughTextensiveTsimulationTexperiments. three.S.TG.TA,TH.TBozyigit,TandTF.TB.,T“Cluster-basedTcoordinationTandTroutingTframeworkTforTwirelessTsensorTandTactorTnetworks,”TWirelessTCommunicationsTandTMobileTComputing. InTWirelessTSensorTActorTNetworksT(WSAN),TsensorTnodesTperformTtheTsensingTtaskTandTactorTnodesTtakeTactionTbasedTonTtheTsensedTphenomena.TGenerally,TtheTnetworkTisTconfiguredTtoTobserveTmultipleTeventsTandTtoTreactTuponTeachTindividualTeventTaccordingly.TTimeTdelay,TenergyTefficiencyTandTreliabilityTareTthreeTimportantTaspectsTofTWSANTthatTrequireTspecialTattention.TToTensureTefficientTandTreliableToperationsTofTsuchTheterogeneousTWSAN,TnewTcommunicationTprotocolsTareTimperative. InTthisTpaper,TweTproposeTanTintegratedTcluster?basedTcoordinationTandTroutingT(CCR)TframeworkTforTWSAN,TwhoseTprimeTobjectiveTisTtoTensureTreliableTactionTwithTefficientTenergyTconsumption.TInTCCR,TsensorTnodesTareTfirstTconfiguredTtoTformTclustersTbyTtakingTintoTaccountTtheTresidualTenergyTofTnodesTandTnetworkTdensity.TOnceTtheTclustersTareTformed,Tcluster?headsTcoordinateTwithTtheTactorsTtoTformTinteractiveTregions.TTheTreliabilityTofTactionTisTaddressedTinTtermsTofTinTtimeTdataTdeliveryTtoTactorsTinTinteractiveTregionsTandTactor–actorTcoordinationTtoTmakeTsureTthatTanTactorTperformTactionTinTtheTreportedTregion.TATnovelTreal?timeTdataTaggregationT(RDA)TapproachTisTalsoTincorporatedTinTtheTframeworkTtoTconserveTenergyTbyTminimizingTtheTnumberTofTtransmissionsTandTachieveTfairness. four.F.-H.TTseng,TL.-D.TChou,TandTH.-C.TChao,T“ATsurveyTofTblackTholeTattacksTinTwirelessTmobileTadThocTnetworks,”THumanTcentricTComputingTandTInformationTSciences TheTblackTholeTattackTisToneTofTtheTwell-knownTsecurityTthreatsTinTwirelessTmobileTadThocTnetworks.TTheTintrudersTutilizeTtheTloopholeTtoTcarryToutTtheirTmaliciousTbehaviorsTbecauseTtheTrouteTdiscoveryTprocessTisTnecessaryTandTinevitable.TManyTresearchersThaveTconductedTdifferentTdetectionTtechniquesTtoTproposeTdifferentTtypesTofTdetectionTschemes.TInTthisTpaper,TweTsurveyTtheTexistingTsolutionsTandTdiscussTtheTstate-of-the-artTroutingTmethods.TWeTnotTonlyTclassifyTtheseTproposalsTintoTsingleTblackTholeTattackTandTcollaborativeTblackTholeTattackTbutTalsoTanalyzeTtheTcategoriesTofTtheseTsolutionsTandTprovideTaTcomparisonTtable.TWeTexpectTtoTfurnishTmoreTresearchersTwithTaTdetailedTworkTinTanticipation. 5.L.TK.TBysaniTandTA.TK.TTuruk,T“ATsurveyTonTselectiveTforwardingTattackTinTwirelessTsensorTnetworks,”TinTInternationalTConferenceTonTDevicesTandTCommunications. WirelessTSensorTNetwork(WSN)TisTbeingTemergedTasTaTprevailingTtechnologyTinTfutureTdueTtoTitsTwideTrangeTofTapplicationsTinTmilitaryTandTcivilianTdomains.TTheseTnetworksTareTeasilyTproneTtoTsecurityTattacks,TsinceTonceTdeployedTtheseTnetworksTareTunattendedTandTunprotected.TSomeTofTtheTinherentTfeaturesTlikeTlimitedTbatteryTandTlowTmemoryTmakesTsensorTnetworksTinfeasibleTtoTuseTconventionalTsecurityTsolutions,TwhichTneedsTcomplexTcomputationsTandThighTmemory.TThereTareTlotTofTattacksTonTtheseTnetworksTwhichTcanTbeTclassifiedTasTroutingTattacksTandTdataTtrafficTattacks.TSomeTofTtheTdataTattacksTinTsensorTnodesTareTwormhole,TblackTholeTandTselectiveTforwardingTattack.TInTaTblackTholeTattack,TcompromisedTnodeTdropsTallTtheTpacketsTforwardingTthroughTit.TATspecialTcaseTofTblackTholeTattackTisTselectiveTforwardingTattack,TwhereTcompromisedTnodeTdropsTpacketsTselectively,TwhichTmayTdeteriorateTtheTnetworkTefficiency.TInTthisTpaper,TweTdiscussedTaboutTselectiveTforwardingTattackTandTsomeTofTtheTmitigationTschemesTtoTdefendTthisTattack. 6.Z.TKarakehayov,T“UsingTrewardTtoTdetectTteamTblack-holeTattacksTinTwirelessTsensorTnetworks,”TWksp.TReal-WorldTWirelessTSensorTNetworks. WirelessTsensorTnetworksTconsistTofTautonomous,Tself-organizing,Tlow-powerTnodesTwhichTcollaborativelyTmeasureTdataTinTanTenvironmentTandTcooperateTtoTrouteTthisTdataTtoTitsTintendedTdestination.TBlackTholeTattacksTareTpotentiallyTdevastatingTattacksTonTwirelessTsensorTnetworksTinTwhichTaTmaliciousTnodeTusesTspuriousTrouteTupdatesTtoTattractTnetworkTtrafficTthatTitTthenTdrops.TWeTproposeTaTrobustTandTflexibleTattackTdetectionTschemeTthatTusesTaTwatchdogTmechanismTandTlightweightTexpertTsystemTonTeachTnodeTtoTdetectTanomaliesTinTtheTbehaviourTofTneighbouringTnodes.TUsingTthisTscheme,TevenTifTmaliciousTnodesTareTinsertedTintoTtheTnetwork,TgoodTnodesTwillTbeTableTtoTidentifyTthemTbasedTonTtheirTbehaviourTasTinferredTfromTtheirTnetworkTtraffic.TWeTexamineTtheTresource-preservingTmechanismsTofTourTsystemTusingTsimulationsTandTdemonstrateTthatTweTcanTallowTgroupsTofTnodesTtoTcollectivelyTevaluateTnetworkTtrafficTandTidentifyTattacksTwhileTrespectingTtheTlimitedThardwareTresourcesT(processing,TmemoryTandTstorage)TthatTareTtypicallyTavailableTonTwirelessTsensorTnetworkTnodes.

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