Expectations
Length: A minimum of 150 words, not including references
Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years
The morphology of cells is defined as “the shape, structure, form, and size of cells” (Healda & Cohen-Fix, 2015). Also, based on the uniqueness of the cell morphology, we can point out the “dedicated proteins that affect membrane curvature and geometry.” (Healda & Cohen-Fix, 2015). Cell morphology is a fundamental factor in helping identify the cell’s role, as well as defining the utility of the single cell (Wu, et al., 2020). The cell morphology can be separated into different levels including organ, tissue, cellular, or molecular (Healda & Cohen-Fix, 2015). The article by Vergara explained that we can use the morphology of cells to recognize the classes of cells, such as epithelial cells, muscle cells, or blood cells) (2021). Moreover, in a recent study, cell morphology was found to be associated with gene expression (Vergara, et al., 2021). In addition, the cells’ morphology plays a significant role in diagnosing cancer (Wu, et al., 2020). In microbiology, cell morphology helps differentiate bacterial cells, such as coccus (plural cocci), bacillus (plural bacilli), spiral, and vibrio (Biology Online, 2022).
Case Study: An 18-year-old male presents with ADHD, small testes, and learning disabilities. After a workup, it is determined that he has a karyotype 47 XXY.
Discuss meiosis and mitosis.
Based on the workup result, the patient has a karyotype 47 XXY which diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (Skakkebæk, Wallentin, & Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, 2021). Mitosis (somatic cells) and meiosis (reproductive cells) are two different divide mechanisms of the cells. KS occurs in either the parent when the disjunction of the X chromosome does not happen during the first or the second meiotic division of gametogenesis or during postzygotic mitosis (Skakkebæk, Wallentin, & Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, 2021).
Are the concepts of diffusion, active transport, or osmosis implicated in various genetic conditions? If so, how? If not, explain.
The concepts of diffusion, active transport, or osmosis relate to the process of determining what material can across the cell’s membrane (Dlugasch & Story, 2021, p. 38). These concepts are implicated in various genetic conditions in order to maintain the cells’ state of survival (Dlugasch & Story, 2021). Dlugasch and Story emphasized that failure in diffusion, active transport, and osmosis can lead to diseases (2021).
Can genetic conditions be reversed, why or why not?
Even with modern biotechnology and innovation including genetics therapies that edit issues in our DNAs, genetic conditions still cannot be reversed (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2022). Since genetic conditions originate from our cellular level or DNAs molecular, scientists still developing modern methods to help correct the failure in human cells.
References
Biology Online. (2022). Cell morphology. Retrieved from https://www.biologyonline.com: https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/cell-morp…
Dlugasch, L., & Story, L. (2021). Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Healda, R., & Cohen-Fix, O. (2015). Morphology and Function of Membrane-bound Organelles. Curr Opin Cell Biol.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022). What Are Genetic Therapies? Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/genetic-therapies
Skakkebæk, A., Wallentin, M., & Claus Højbjerg Gravholt. (2021). The Human Hypothalamus. Handbook of Clinical Neurology.
Vergara, H. M., Pape, C., Meechan, K. I., Genoud, V. Z., Wanner, A. A., Mutemi, K. N., . . . Savage, E. L. (2021). Whole-body integration of gene expression and single-cell morphology. CellPress.
Wu, P.-H., Gilkes, D. M., Phillip, J. M., Narkar, A., Cheng, T. W.-T., Marchand, J., . . . Wirtz, D. (2020). Single-cell morphology encodes metastatic potential. Science Advances. Cellular Biology & Case Study Discussion
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Cell morphology plays a crucial role in identifying the function and utility of cells. The shape, structure, form, and size of cells determine their classification and can be observed at different levels, ranging from organ to molecular levels (Healda & Cohen-Fix, 2015). For example, in the field of microbiology, cell morphology helps differentiate various bacterial cells based on their shapes, such as cocci, bacilli, spirals, and vibrios (Biology Online, 2022).
In the case study of an 18-year-old male with ADHD, small testes, and learning disabilities, a karyotype analysis revealed a diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome (KS), indicated by a 47 XXY karyotype (Skakkebæk, Wallentin, & Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, 2021). KS is a genetic condition that occurs due to the failure of disjunction of the X chromosome during meiosis or postzygotic mitosis (Skakkebæk, Wallentin, & Claus Højbjerg Gravholt, 2021). Meiosis is the cell division process that occurs in reproductive cells, while mitosis is the division mechanism for somatic cells.
Diffusion, active transport, and osmosis are concepts related to the movement of materials across the cell membrane. These processes are essential for maintaining the cell’s survival, and disruptions in these mechanisms can lead to diseases (Dlugasch & Story, 2021). However, genetic conditions themselves are not directly caused by abnormalities in diffusion, active transport, or osmosis. Genetic conditions arise from molecular and cellular level failures, and while advancements in genetic therapies show promise in correcting genetic defects, complete reversal of genetic conditions is currently not possible (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2022).
In summary, cell morphology is crucial for identifying the role and function of cells, and it can aid in diagnosing diseases such as cancer. Meiosis and mitosis are distinct cell division mechanisms, and Klinefelter syndrome is an example of a genetic condition related to abnormalities in meiosis. Diffusion, active transport, and osmosis are important for cellular function, but they are not directly implicated in causing genetic conditions. While genetic therapies are being developed, complete reversal of genetic conditions remains a challenge.
