Please, from vitamin A and vitamin E, complete them below:
Introduction
Indications
Mechanism of action
What to monitor
Patient variables such as: Geriatrics, Pediatrics, Pregnancy and lactation,Gender
Side effects
Adverse effects
Teaching
Conclusion
Reference less 3 years
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Vitamin A:
Introduction:
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is found in various food sources, including animal products and plant-based foods.
Indications:
Vitamin A is used to treat or prevent vitamin A deficiency, which can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and impaired immune function. It is also used in the management of certain skin conditions, such as acne and psoriasis.
Mechanism of action:
Vitamin A is involved in the formation and maintenance of healthy epithelial tissues, vision, and immune function. It acts as a cofactor for various enzymes and plays a role in gene expression.
What to monitor:
Monitor serum vitamin A levels, liver function tests, and signs of toxicity, such as headache, nausea, and dizziness.
Patient variables:
Geriatrics: Older adults may have a higher risk of vitamin A toxicity due to decreased liver function.
Pediatrics: Children require age-appropriate doses of vitamin A to prevent toxicity.
Pregnancy and lactation: Pregnant women should avoid excessive vitamin A intake, as it can cause birth defects. Lactating women should consume adequate amounts to support infant growth.
Gender: Both males and females require similar amounts of vitamin A, with slight variations based on age and life stage.
Side effects:
Mild side effects may include dry skin, cracked lips, and mild gastrointestinal symptoms.
Adverse effects:
Vitamin A toxicity can cause severe symptoms, such as blurred vision, bone pain, and liver damage.
Teaching:
Educate patients on the importance of consuming a balanced diet rich in vitamin A sources and the risks of excessive intake. Advise patients to follow the recommended daily allowance for their age and gender.
Conclusion:
Vitamin A is essential for maintaining overall health, particularly vision and immune function. It is important to monitor intake and serum levels to prevent deficiency and toxicity.
Vitamin E:
Introduction:
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage. It is found in various food sources, including vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables.
Indications:
Vitamin E is used to treat or prevent vitamin E deficiency, which can lead to neurological symptoms and anemia. It is also used as an antioxidant supplement to support overall health.
Mechanism of action:
Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative damage to cell membranes and other cellular components.
What to monitor:
Monitor serum vitamin E levels and signs of deficiency, such as muscle weakness, vision problems, and anemia.
Patient variables:
Geriatrics: Older adults may require higher doses of vitamin E due to increased oxidative stress.
Pediatrics: Children require age-appropriate doses of vitamin E to support growth and development.
Pregnancy and lactation: Pregnant and lactating women require increased amounts of vitamin E to support fetal and infant growth.
Gender: Both males and females require similar amounts of vitamin E, with slight variations based on age and life stage.
Side effects:
Mild side effects may include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea and diarrhea.
Adverse effects:
High doses of vitamin E can increase the risk of bleeding, particularly in patients taking anticoagulant medications.
Teaching:
Educate patients on the importance of consuming a balanced diet rich in vitamin E sources and the risks of excessive intake. Advise patients to follow the recommended daily allowance for their age and gender.
Conclusion:
Vitamin E is an essential antioxidant that supports overall health by protecting cells from oxidative damage. It is important to monitor intake and serum levels to prevent deficiency and potential adverse effects.
References:
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225483/
Traber, M. G. (2019). Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. Advances in Nutrition, 5(5), 503-514.
